... these pathwayshas a modulatory r ather than a mandatory role to play in mediating the proliferative response. In contrast, a recent report has shown that tryptase induces DNA synthesis in canine ... G12/13,Gqand Gifamilies, interacting with various signalling pathwaysincluding phospholipase Cb, adenylyl cyclase, PtdIns3-kinase and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases such as Src [33].PAR2 activation ... directly but instead acts as a cofactor for the clea vage and activation of PAR4 [27].Thrombin has been shown t o cleave and a ctivate PAR1,PAR3 and PAR4, whereas trypsin cleaves and activatesPAR2....