... rejection
ions
Ca
2+
SO
2-
Na
+
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0Na
+
Cl
-
H
2
0
H
2
0
H
2
0
H
2
0
Monovalent ... rejection
ions
Ca...
... =
[Al
2
(OH)
2
4+
]
{Al
2
(OH)
2
4+
}
γ
Al
2
(OH)
2
c
K
Al
2
(OH)
2
c
{Al
3+
}
2
γ
Al
2
(OH)
2
c
{H
+
}
2
K
Al
2
(OH)
2
c
γ
Al
2
[Al
3+
]
2
γ
Al
2
(OH)
2
c
γ
H
2
H
+
[]
2
== =
K
Al
2
(OH)
2
c
K
sp,Al(OH)
3
2
γ
H
4
[H
+
]
4
γ
Al
2
(OH)
2
c
K
w
6
... coagulant FeSO
2
⋅ 7H
2
O are:
FeSO
4
⋅ 7H
2
O + Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2Ca(OH)
2
→ Fe(O...