... usage of Geographic Information Systems, there is a corresponding need for standardization. Standardization does not mean that all GIS databases con-tain the same format and quality of information; ... to Urban Geographic Information Systems, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 3–24. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 1992, Federal Information Processing Standard Publication ... DBMS: What Are the Differ-ences Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 54, No. 11, pp. 1551–1555. Dueker, K.J., 1987, Geographic Information Systems and Computer Aided Mapping,...