... controversial. On one hand,TLR stimulation on DCs can enhance IL-10 production bythem, and thereby induction of Tregs (Figure 2a). On the other hand, stimulation of TLRs on DCs can lead to inhibition of ... HSPs, it may beimportant to first dampen chronic inflammation in the joints -for instance, by using anti-TNFα therapy [22]. Second, the combination of HSPs and modulators of innate immunity,such ... functional Tregs in a neutral environment in vitro (Y Vercoulen, manuscript in preparation). It is likelythat the chronic inflammatory environment in the joints eithercauses local dysfunction of...