Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 1 potx

... Development© 2002 Donald Rutherford Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition The most informative dictionary of economics available, the Routledge Dictionary of Economics avoids the tendency ... RutherfordincreaseconsumerdemandforproductsnewtothemarketorinEXCESSSUPPLY.ReferencesCarter,M.,Casson,M.andSuneja,V. (19 98)Theeconomicsofmarketing,Cheltenham,UK,andNorthampton,MA:EdwardElgar.Reekie,W.D. (19 81) TheEconomicsofAdvertising,London:Macmillan.Schinalensee,R. (19 72)TheEconomicsofAdvertising,Amsterdam:North-Holland.Advisory,ConciliationandArbitrationService(J5)ThecentralUKbody,setupin1974undertheTRADEUNIONANDLABOURRELA-TIONSACT,topromoteanimprovementinindustrialrelations,toencourageanexten-sionofcollectivebargaininganditsreformthroughadvice,conciliation,enquiriesandarbitration,andtoruntheCENTRALARBI-TRATIONCOMMITTEE.Animportantaspectofitsactivitieshasbeenthepublicationofcodesofpracticeinindustrialrelations.affinitycard(G2)ACREDITCARDlinkedwithacharitythatreceivesdonationsinproportiontotheamountspentbytheuserofthatcard.affirmativeaction(J7)Aseriesofactionstakenbyanemployerorpublicauthoritytoadvancetheoppor-tunitiesofdisadvantagedgroups,espe-ciallyethnicminorities,toincreasetheirrepresentation,particularlyinemploymentandotheractivities.Seealso:reversediscriminationAFL–CIO(J5)AmericanFederationofLaborandCon-gressofIndustrialOrganizations:amergeroftworivallabourfederationsoftheUSAin1955whichbroughtbackthebreakawayindustrialunionsthathadseparatedfromtheircolleaguesincraftunions.SomeUSlabourunionsarenotaffiliatedtotheAFL–CIO.Seealso:craftunion;generalunion;industrialunionAfrican–Americaneconomists ... WilliamEdwardBurghardtDuBois (18 68 19 63),SadieTannerMossell Alex-ander (18 98 19 89),GeorgeEdmundHaynes (18 80 19 60) and William Henry Dean Jr (19 10–52).TheirworkhasincludedthestudyofMIGRATION,DISCRIMINATIONandLO-CATIONTHEORY.AfricanDevelopmentBank(G2)Abankoperatingfrom1966:itfinancesinvestment...

... fellow from 19 29 to his death;professor of economics from 19 51 to 19 72.His Making of Keynes’ General Theory (19 84) illuminated the development of Keynes’s thought from 19 23 to 19 36. Hewas ... themselves.ReferencesHicks, J.R. (19 39) ‘Foundations of welfare economics , Economic Journal 49: 696– 712 .Kaldor, N. (19 39) ‘Welfare propositions of economics and interpersonal compari-sons of utility’, Economic ... Director of the Research and Planning Division of the UN Economic Commission for Eur-ope from 19 47 to 19 49, after which he wasa fellow of King’s College, Cambridgeuntil 19 86, rising to a chair of economics which...

... Department of Labor, he wasassistant professor of economics at YaleUniversity (19 54–62) before becomingProfessor of the Economics of Educationat the University of London Institute of Education; ... Gustav, 18 66 19 45 (B3)After studying mathematics at UppsalaUniversity, Sweden, he became a professor of economics at Stockholm University in 19 02. He was a founder of modern Swed-ish economics, ... NC:University of North Carolina.—— (19 72) Theory of Public Choice:Political Applications of Economics, Ann Arbor, MI: University of MichiganPress.Buchanan, J.M. and Tullock, G. (19 62)The Calculus of...

... D.N. (19 83) ‘The rhetoric of economics , Journal of Economic Litera-ture 21 (June): 4 81 517 .—— (19 86) The Rhetoric of Economics, Brighton: Wheatsheaf. economics of crime (K4) 1 A branch of NEOCLASSICAL ... Applied Economics, Cambridge University, from 19 50 to 19 51. Fellow of Newnham Col-lege, Cambridge, from 19 61 to 19 83 andprofessor of economic history from 19 81 to 19 82. She has produced several workson ... Rutherford (19 95)Theeconomicsoforganisedcrime,Cambridge,NewYorkandMelbourne:CambridgeUniversityPress.economicsofinformation(D8)Abranchofeconomicsthatrecognizestheimperfectionofinformation,thecostsofobtainingitanditsasymmetriccharacterbecauseoftheactionsoffirmsandin-dividuals.Thesourcesofinformation,includingthatwhichisspontaneouslygeneratedbythemarket,areconsidered.Informationeconomicshasmanyimplica-tionsforfinancialmarkets.ReferencesStigler,G.J. (19 61) ‘Theeconomicsofinformation’,JournalofPoliticalEcon-omy69: 213 –25.Stiglitz,J.E.(2000)‘Thecontributionoftheeconomicsofinformationtotwen-tiethcenturyeconomics’,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics 115 November): 14 41 78.economicsoflaw(K0)1Theeconomicanalysisoflegalissues,especiallyPROPERTYRIGHTS,negligence,contractandcrime,aswellasthemoreobviouslyrelatedareasofregulation,competitionandmonopoly.2Theapplicationofpricetheoryandstatisticalmethodstothestudyoflegislation,legaldecisionsandcourtsoflaw.COMMONSwasoneofthefirsteconomiststouselegalmaterialstofurthereconomicanalysis.COASEpio-neeredtherigorousapplicationofeco-nomicstoalegalproblem–inhiscasethelawofnuisance.STIGLERandothersbroughttheilluminationofeconomicsintodarkareasofREGULATION.Posnerdemonstratedthatmostbranchesofthelawcanbenefitbytheuseofeconomicconcepts.ThevaluationofcostsandbenefitsandtheapplicationofthenotionofOPPORTUNITYCOSTtomanylegalproblemsaretheprincipalwaysinwhicheconomistshaveshownthem-selvestobeinvaluablecolleaguesoflawyers.Suchistheimportanceofthismod-ernbranchofeconomicsthatseveraljournalsspecializeinblendingeconomicandlegalanalysis,notablyJournalofLawandEconomics,JournalofLegalStudies,InternationalReviewofLawandEconomicsandJournalofLaw,Econom-icsandOrganization.Seealso:economicsofcrimeReferencesHirsch,W.Z. (19 99)Lawandeconomics:Anintroductoryanalysis,3rdedn,SanDiegoandLondon:AcademicPress.Ogus,A.I.andVeljanovski,C.G.(eds) (19 84)ReadingsintheEconomicsofLawandRegulation,Oxford:ClarendonPress.Polinsky,A. (19 89)AnIntroductiontoLawandEconomics,Boston:Little,Brown.Posner,R.A. (19 86)EconomicAnalysisofLaw,3rdedn,Boston:Little,Brown.‘Symposiumonlawandeconomics’,Co-lumbiaLawReview85:899 11 16 ,19 85.Veljanovski,C. (19 90)TheEconomicsofLaw.AnIntroductoryText,London:InstituteofEconomicAffairs.economicsofreligion(L3)Astudyofnon-marketbehaviourwithincommunitiesofbelievers.Matterscoveredincludetheinfluenceofreligiousbeliefoneconomicbehaviour,theuseoftheologytocriticizeeconomicpolicy,andtheapplica-tionofmicroeconomictheorytothestudyofindividualandcollectivereligiousbeha-viour.ReferencesAzzi,C.andEhrenber,F.G. (19 75)‘House-holdallocationoftimeandchurchattendance’,JournalofPoliticalEcon-omy83:27–56.Iannaccone,L.R. (19 98)‘Introductiontotheeconomicsofreligion’,JournalofEconomicLiterature36 :14 65–96.economicsofthearts(Z1)seecultural economics economic...

... writers of this school were BrunoHILDEBRAND (18 12–78), Wilhelm ROSCHER (18 17–94)and KarlKNIES (18 21 98), the leader wasGustav vonSCHMOLLER (18 38 19 17) andthe later writers were Arthur Spiethoff (18 73 19 57), ... Spiethoff (18 73 19 57), WernerSOMBART (18 63 19 41) and Max Weber (18 64 19 20).ReferencesPearson, H. (19 99) ‘Was there really aGerman Historical School of Econom-ics?’, History of Political Economy 31: 547–62.Shionoya, ... used. In 19 91, the top bankingcentres measured as a percentage share of Reuters currency quotations were: Lon-don 17 per cent, New York 15 per cent,Singapore 11 per cent, Hong Kong 11 percent,...

... the Universities of California (19 03 13 ) and Columbia (19 13– 19 and 19 22–44) and director of the NewSchool of Social Research (19 19– 31) . Hiswork Business Cycles (19 27) began a longand dedicated ... League of Nations (19 40–7), as professor of com-merce at the London School of Economics (19 47–57) and at Cambridge as professor of political economy (19 57–67). He wasawarded theNOBEL PRIZE FOR ECONOMICS ... hisThe Theory of Money and Credit (19 12) hewas one of the first economists to inte-grateMICROECONOMICS and MACROECONOMICSby founding his theory of money andcredit on the individualism of Austrianmicroeconomics....

... College from 19 02 to 19 59 and professor of economics, in suc-cession toMARSHALL, from 19 08 to 19 43.In Wealth and Welfare (19 12), which wasexpanded into The Economics of Welfare (19 20), he built ... PRIZE FOR ECONOMICS in 19 77.ReferencesSamuelson, P.A. (19 81) ‘Bertil Ohlin (18 99 19 79)’, Scandinavian Journal of Economics 83: 355– 71. Steiger, O. (19 76) ‘Bertil Ohlin and theorigins of the Keynesian ... register of permitted restric-tive trade practices.Office of Management and Budget (H1)An office of the US president set up in 19 70in succession to the Bureau of the Budget(founded 19 21) which...

... about the profitability of theexisting firms of an industry.ReferencesFudenberg, D. and Tirole, J. (19 86) ‘A‘‘signal jamming’’ theory of predation’,Rand Journal of Economics 18 : 211 – 31. signalling ... (19 83)‘Rules, discretion and reputation in amodel of monetary policy’, Journal of Monetary Economics 12 : 10 1– 21. reputation capital (M2)An intangible asset of a firm created bythe making of ... continuously from 19 16,interrupted by a chair at the LondonSchool of Economics from 19 39 to 19 44.He succeededPIGOU as professor of eco-nomics at Cambridge from 19 44 to 19 57.His most famous...

... intendant of Limoges, from 17 61 to 17 74, andContro1eur General of France, from 17 74to 17 76. His celebrated Re´flexions sur laFormation et la Distribution des Richesses (17 76) anticipated many of ... CentralStatistical Office of the UK War Cabinetfrom 19 40 to 19 45 before returning toCambridge to be Director of the Depart-ment of Applied Economics, from 19 45 to 19 55, and Professor of Financial Account-ing, ... Chicago:University of Chicago Press.—— (19 83) ‘Union relative wage effects: asurvey of macro estimates’, Journal of Labor Economics 1: 1 27.Mulvey, C. (19 78) The Economic Analysis of Trade Unions,...

... economics A2 Teaching of economics B Methodology and history of economicthoughtB0 GeneralB1 History of economic thought to 19 25B2 History of economic thoughtsince 19 25B3 History of economic thought:individualsB4 ... costs of regulationBureau of Economic AnalysisBureau of the BudgetChancellor of the Exchequer© 2002 Donald RutherfordSubject classificationsA General economics and teachingA1 General economics A2 ... creditBank Charter Act 18 44Bank Holding Company Act 19 56Banking Act 19 79Banking Act 19 87Bank of CanadaBank of EnglandBank of Italy (BOI)Bank of Japan (BOJ)bank rateBanque de Francebase ratebimetallismBradburyBritanniaBundesbankCash...