... an earthquake from the size of its seismic waves; developed in 193 5 by Charles F. Rich-ter ( 190 0–85) and Beno Gutenberg (18 89 196 0)FOS _Earth Science_DC.indd 198 2/8/10 10: 59: 55 AM earth ScienceS 212Earthquake ... 67plume hypothesis 82–87, 93 pole reversals 56, 56– 59, 59 60, 61–62, 85pollution 99 , 99 –100, 108, 1 39, 1 49 Pompeii 67, 92 , 101precipitation 132, 132m, 133–135, 1 49 151primary (P) waves. ... Mars 85 and origin of life 193 – 194 Pelée eruption 68resources (print and Internet) 94 97 Ring of Fire 73, 74m, 75shapes and sizes of 69 71, 70tsunamis and 91 Vesuvius eruption 67 and weather...