... in the West, the rise of Spain, the conquest of the last of the western Saracens at Granada and the rise of the Turks in the East, the rise of Russia, the downfall of the lastvestige of the ... than the beasts with which they herded. Gradually the tradesmen, the middle classes, forced their way to practical equality with the nobles. Then came the turn of the masses to do the same. The ... contrariety of the motives by which they wereactuated. They granted the Yorkists a general indemnity; and they restored the protectorship to the Duke, butat the same time they renewed their oaths...