... 5.5, and 4.3 in rainwa-ter, 6.0, 6.6, 6.2, and 4.3 in throughfall and 7.0, 6.9, 6.1, and 4.7 in sub-throughfall in spring, summer, autumn, and winter,respectively.Ion exchange in canopies and ... pH of rainwater in summer (4.3) and winter (4.3) was very low, being a little bit higher in spring(4.7). As said, rain quantity in spring and summer accountedfor more than 70% of annual rainfall. ... 210 and 107 mm yr−1 of the rainfall was intercepted bythe top- and sub-canopy, indicating that 15% of annual precip-itation was intercepted by the top-canopy, and 9% of through-fall (or 8% of...