Control Engineering - A guide for beginners - Chapter 3 pptx

... the manipulating variable MV. There are a number of ways to carry out this task: me-chanical, pneumatic, electrical, mathematical. The mechanical controller, for example, alters a sig-nal through ... this way leads to a loss of informa-tion about the measured signal.Binary signalsIn their simplest form the signals can only have two states, and are therefore called binary signals.The control ... controller. This can be in the form of a digital dis-play (numerical indication), which has the advantage of being readable from a longer distance. Theadvantage of the analog display (pointer movement)...

... TgTemperature small electrically-heated ovenlarge electrically-heated furnacelarge gas-fired reheating furnaceautoclavehigh-pressure autoclaveinjection molding machineextruderpackaging machine ... of a change in manipu-lating variable is only reproduced in the process variable after the dead time has elapsed. If thechange in manipulating variable was too large, there is a time interval ... processes)In a process with one delay, i.e. with one available energy store, a step change in MV causes thePV to change immediately without delay and at a certain initial rate of change: PV then approachesthe...

... error is also used as a measure of control quality (see Fig. 46).Linear control area (linear optimum): [A] min = A 1 - A 2 + A 3 Magnitude control area (magnitude optimum): [A] min = | A 1 ... distur-bances of the characteristics in a control loop normally has to be accepted as given, good control quality can only be achieved by a suitable choice of controller type and an appropriate ... tohave a small overshoot at the expense of a longer stabilization time, and vice versa. For the given control error area, there is a definite controller setting at which the areas are at a minimum.As...

... transferfrom automatic to manual mode, where the manipulating variable remains at its current value, andcan then be changed manually.In case of a broken probe, caused, for example, by a cable fault ... invaluable for trials and test runs,when the manipulating variable has to be operated in manual mode, i.e. without automatic control. They can be integrated in the controller or arranged as a separate ... furnace (annealing furnace). The control action of the process changes according to theloading (half charge, full charge), and the controller must adapt to each individual case. Various pa-rameter...

... such as temperature, pressure or voltage has to take up a specified value, and maintain it as accurately as possible. A simple example is a furnace whosetemperature has to be maintained constant. ... output variables.1.9 Main areas of control engineering Today, control engineering has applications in almost every area of technology. In Chapter 1.1 wehave already seen that these different applications ... variable after the dead time has elapsed. If thechange in manipulating variable was too large, there is a time interval before this is noticed andacted on by reducing the manipulating variable....

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