Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 8 doc

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 1 pdf

... Laminar flow, 11 14.5 Turbulent flow, 11 34.6 Stratified flow, 11 74.7 Particle settling, 11 94.8 Particle transport by flows, 12 14.9 Waves and liquids, 12 54 .10 Transport by waves, 13 14 .11 Granular ... flow, 13 34 .12 Turbidity flows, 13 84 .13 Flow through porous and granular solids, 14 24 .14 Fractures, 14 44 .15 Faults, 15 64 .16 Solid bending, buckling, and folds, 17 24 .17 Seismic waves, 17 94 .18 ... plates “sink” into the lower mantle during numerical “experiments.”LEED-Ch- 01. qxd 11 /26/05 12 :17 Page 3 1. 1 .1 Lateral thinking from general principles Physical processes on Earth and other...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 2 ppt

... asFig. 2. 21 Continuity of volume: constant density case in 1D.a = areaa 2 > a1r = constantu1u 2 a1a 2 Q1Q 2 Q1= Q 2 = a1u1 = a 2 u 2 u1 > u 2 Fig. 2. 22 Continuity ... variable density case in 1D.a = areaa 2 > a1u1u 2 a1a 2 r1r 2 m 2 m1r = variablem1= m 2 = a1r1u1 = a 2 r 2 u 2 LEED-Ch- 02. qxd 11 /26 /05 12: 45 Page 33 Forces and dynamics 39ABCDABCDQ in Discharge ... at standard surface pressure and 20 °C T is 29 .2 g. The density of air is thus 29 .2/ V = 1 .21 kg m–3LEED-Ch-03.qxd 11 /27 /05 3:58 Page 46 30 Chapter 2 Earth is 7 .29 и 10Ϫ5rad sϪ1. In order...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 3 pot

... (Section 3. 8). 3. 13. 4 The stress ellipse, the stress ellipsoid, and the principal stressesThe whole family of tractions acting over a certain pointdeﬁne an ellipse in 2D and an ellipsoid in 3D. In ... North Polar rotation axis(Figs 3. 38 and 3. 39) Earth spins anticlockwise, with eachsuccessive latitude band, ␾, increasing in angular velocitypoleward by ⍀ sin ␾. Since the vorticity of a solid ... F3z = s 3 sin u A sin u (24) F1x = s1 sin u A cos u (25) F3x = s 3 cos u A sin u xF 3 F1FθFN FS F1ZF1XF3XF3Z(21) FN = F1Z + F3Z(20) FS + F3X = F1X ;...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 4 pdf

... experimental turbulent flows (Figs 4. 12 and 4. 13). 4. 4 Laminar flowLaminar flow is rare in the atmosphere and hydrosphere,but the unseen laminar flow of mantle and lower crustturns over a far greater ... coaxial tubes (Fig. 4. 14) . In all cases the Reynoldsnumber is small and thus viscous forces predominate overinertia forces and prevent 3D particle mixing. In a steadylaminar flow any instantaneous ... Interface-spreadingundercutting current jetAmbient liquid NA NA Degassing bubbles in Sinking plume Neutral Rising plumemagma or lava Bottom-spreading stability Spreading jet and undercutting wall jet 4. 2 Fluid...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 5 pptx

... knowledge, dealing with fracture or rockmechanics is very important in many applied fields, as in civil engineering, mining, and hazard controls (rock and soil stability in slopes, both natural and constructed). ... situation in Nature.A further intriguing complication is demonstrated by avibrated granular mass in a container of equal-sized grainscontaining one larger grain. The vibrations induce inter-granular ... flow. The trick in understand-ing the dynamics of such flows therefore involvesunderstanding the means by which sediment suspension isreached and then maintained during downslope flow and deposition....

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 6 pot

... all hinge points and the in ection linejoining all the in ection points (b) and (c). Cylindrical folds, as in (a) and (b), have a fold axis which is any line parallel to the hinge line ofconstant ... layers.Inflexion lineHinge lineHinge lineAxial surfaceAxial surfaces(a)(b)(c)Fig. 4.1 16 Geometric elements of a fold in a folded surface in 3D. (a) The hinge line is deﬁned joining all hinge ... plateboundary and a magmatic arc in both intra-oceanic and continental active margins. Thrust faulting results in crustal shortening and thickening (Fig. 4.100c, d). Thrust and fold belts are limited in...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 7 pps

... ions and also join to aluminum ions in linked rings. The linked groups are said to be in a state ofpolymerization and are a feature of silicate melts. It is thecontinuous, polymer-like, linkage ... bonds and has a key role in lowering rock meltingpoints (and thus a major role in determining the rheologyof the lithosphere). The logical extreme of these trends ispure Si–O melt with a continuously ... shearmixing in Kelvin–Helmholz vortices (Section 4.9) and byupward linear expansion. Plume buoyancy is due to thermalenergy exchange between entrained hot particulates, exsolv-ing and expanding...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 8 doc

... 11 388 146 12SA 41 20 13 305 87 5PAC* 1 08 0 80 499 152 124ANT 59 15 17 356 2 08 0IND * 60 15 61 420 124 91AF 79 31 6 4 18 230 10EUR 69 51 7 421 90 0NAZ* 15 0 76 187 76 53COC* 3 0 86 88 40 ... turbulent mixing and therefore cooling due tomomentum and heat transport in the dynamic models. In addition to their obvious role in increasing windshear and forward momentum transport in associatedwaves, ... processes and systems 231Major active offshore and onshore faults+Uplifting late-Quat Holocene coastlineSubsiding late-Quat Holocene coastline-LoutrakiSkinos 38 12' 38 08& apos; 38 04' 38 00’...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 9 ppt

... Ocean–land interface: coastsCoasts are dynamic interfaces between land and sea whereenergy is continuously being transferred by the action oftraveling waves, including the tide. This incoming ... “core”layer, and a basal boundary layer dominated byupwelling, downwelling, or intruding ocean currents(Fig. 6.34). Winter wind systems assume an overridingdominance on most shelves, causing net ... surface, and subsurface massOuter Earth processes and systems 2 79 RainfallPeakRecessionlimbBase flow separationRisinglimbBasin lag is time between onset rainfall and peakDischarge or intensityTimeStormrunoffBase...

Zoos and Animal Welfare Phần 8 docx

... sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens ofthe twenty-first century.94 Zoos and Animal Welfare Zoos_ ITCY_v5.qxd 11/5/07 5:32 PM Page 94 86 Zoos and Animal Welfare Zoos_ ITCY_v5.qxd ... PM Page 86 What You ShouldKnow About Zoos and Animal Welfare Facts About Zoos ã There are about four hundred professionally managed zoos in theUnited States.ã About 98 percent ... conditions” and treating chimpanzees poorly, according to renowned chimpanzeeexpert Jane Goodall.Number of Species in AZA-Accredited Zoos Zoos_ITCY_v5.qxd 11/5/07 5:32 PM Page 90 84 Zoos and Animal...

.New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences Phần 6 docx

... published in 2002 by the United Nations235S. Cloetingh, J. Negendank (eds.), New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences, International Year of Planet Earth, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2737-5 _6, ... orogens (mountain building) and continent-continent collision, including their effects on continen-tal platforms. For the quantiﬁcation of Solid- Earth pro-cesses the coupling of internal and ... continental margin. In Watkins, J.S. and Drake, C.L., eds., Studies in continentalmargin geology, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 49– 76. Giese, P., 1995. Main features of geophysical structures in...

.New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences Phần 7 docx

... “non-volcanic2 87 S. Cloetingh, J. Negendank (eds.), New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences, International Year of Planet Earth, DOI 10.10 07/ 978 -90-481- 273 7-5_8, â Springer Science+Business Media ... summary for the July 16, 20 07 earthquake in Japan. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/20 07/ us2007ewac/Vinnik L.P., 1989. The origin of strong intraplate earth- quakes, translated ... optic strainmeter installed behind casing in themain hole (Ellsworth et al., 2007b). By using retriev-able systems deployed with instrumentation that takesmaximum advantage of advances in sensor...

.New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences Phần 8 pps

... from the Ashikule Basin (AKB) in northwest-ern Tibet, in order to gain insight into the origin of themagmas produced in this continental collision setting.The basin contains several silicic ... K. Chao (20 08) , Non-volcanic tremor beneaththe Central Range in Taiwan triggered by the 2001MW7 .8 Kunlun earthquake, Geophys. J. Int., 175, 82 5 82 9,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.20 08. 0 388 6.x.Peng, ... 20 08; Rubinstein etal., 2009). Rubinstein et al. (2007) also argue that thismodel can explain the observations of tremor beingmodulated by dilatation (Miyazawa and Mori, 2006), in that increased...

Chemical Pollutants in Air, Water, Soil, and Solid Wastes Phần 8 pps

... 139.1, and 1 38. 4°C, respectively; their vapor pressures at 20°C are 6.7, 8. 4, and 8. 8 torr, respectively; density 0 .88 0, 0 .86 4, and 0 .86 1 g/ml respectively; practically insol-uble in water; readily ... solvent and in the manufacture of dyes and drugs; occurs in gasoline and petroleum solvents; colorless liquid with characteristic odor; boiling point for o-, m-, and p- isomers 144.4, 139.1, and ... phenylmethane. Formula: C 7 H 8 ; Structure:MW 92.15; CAS [1 08- 88- 3]; occurs in gasoline, petroleum solvents, and coal-tar distillates; used as a solvent and in many organic syntheses; colorlessliquid...

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