... Association for Computational Linguisticscdec: A Decoder, Alignment, and Learning Framework forFinite-State and Context -Free Translation ModelsChris DyerUniversity of Marylandredpony@umd.eduAdam ... models, including word-basedmodels, phrase-based models, and modelsbased on synchronous context -free gram-mars. Using a single unified internalrepresentation for translation forests, thedecoder ... reference,or the quantities necessary to drive dis-criminative training using gradient-basedor gradient -free optimization techniques.Its efficient C++ implementation meansthat memory use and runtime...