... Internal Medicine > Chapter 71. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency and Excess
Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess: Introduction
Vitamins and trace minerals are required constituents ... hematologic-related vitamins and minerals (Chaps. 98,
100) are considered only briefly in this chapter, as are the bone-related vitamins
Chapter 071....
... dermatitis,
pulmonary cancer
ND
Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency and Excess
(Part 2)
Table 71-2 Deficiencies and Toxicities of Metals
Element Deficiency Toxicity
Tolerable ... gastrointestinal
Element Deficiency Toxicity
Tolerable
Upper (Dietary)
Intake Level
mortality
Manganese
Impaired growth
and skeletal
development,
reproduc...
... Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency and Excess
(Part 3)
Thiamine (Vitamin B
1
)
Thiamine was the first B vitamin to be identified and is therefore also
referred to as vitamin ... fish, and shellfish
contain thiaminases, which can destroy the vitamin. Thus, drinking large amounts
of tea or coffee can theoretically lower thiamine body stores....
... dementia leading to death.
Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency and Excess
(Part 4)
Thiamine Deficiency: Treatment
In acute thiamine deficiency with either cardiovascular or ... mouth and
skin (Table 71-1). In addition to the mucocutaneous lesions, corneal
vascularization, anemia, and personality changes have been described with
riboflavin de...
... Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency and Excess
(Part 5)
Pellagra: Treatment
Treatment of pellagra consists ... vitamin B
6
deficiency is generally made on the
basis of low plasma PLP values (<20 nmol/L). Treatment of vitamin B
6
deficiency
is 50 mg/d; higher doses of 100–200 mg/d are given if vitamin ... amino acid
metabolism. Vitamin...
...
infections.
Vitamin C supplementation has also been reported to be useful in Chédiak-
Higashi syndrome (Chap. 61) and osteogenesis imperfecta (Chap. 3 57).
Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency ... peritoneal cavity, pericardium, and the adrenal glands.
In children, vitamin C deficiency may cause impaired bone growth.
Laboratory diagnosis of vitamin C...
... The
vitamin is excreted in the urine, and the laboratory diagnosis of deficiency is made
on the basis of low urinary vitamin levels.
Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency and Excess ... anorexia, and nausea. A
scaling, seborrheic, and erythematous rash may occur around the eyes, nose, and
mouth as well as on the extremities.
In infants, biotin...
... which function as
sequestering and transporting agents as well as co-ligands for enzymatic reactions.
Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency and Excess
(Part 8)
Flavonoids
Flavonoids ... quercitin) in broccoli, kale, leeks, onion, and the skins of grapes and apples;
and isoflavones (e.g., genistein) in legumes. Isoflavones have a low bioavailabilit...
... available than injectable
water-miscible vitamin A. A common approach to prevention is to supplement
Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency and Excess
(Part 9)
Dietary Sources
The retinol ... However, vitamin A deficiency at any stage poses an increased risk of
mortality from diarrhea, dysentery, measles, malaria, and respiratory disease.
Vitamin...
... Table 71-1
Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral
Deficiency and Excess
(Part 10)
Toxicity
Acute toxicity of vitamin A was first noted in Arctic explorers who ate
polar bear liver and has ... glutathione) and enzymes maintains vitamin E in a reduced state. Vitamin E
also inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and the activities of protein kinase C and
phosp...