... release. Thus, the hemodynamic effects of water
loading lead to AVP suppression and excretion of dilute urine.
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 8)
The rate of correction of hyponatremia ... abnormal or access to water is limited. The latter occurs in infants, the
physically handicapped, and patients with impaired mental status; in the
postoperative state; and...
... Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 11)
Potassium: Introduction
Potassium Balance
Potassium is the major ... membrane potential and is
crucial for normal neuromuscular function. The basolateral Na
+
, K
+
-ATPase pump
actively transports K
+
in and Na
+
out of the cell in a 2:3 ratio, and the passive ... filtered K
+
is reabsorbed by the proximal
convoluted tubul...
...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 15)
Algorithm depicting clinical approach to hypokalemia. TTKG,
transtubular ...
The ECF volume status, blood pressure, and associated acid-base disorder may
help to differentiate the causes of excessive renal K
+
loss. A rapid and simple test
designed to evaluate the ... venipuncture
technique is used and a plasma (not serum) K...
... 11737620]
Harrigan MR: Cerebral salt wasting syndrome. Crit Care Clin 17:125, 2001
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 18)
Algorithm depicting clinical approach to hyperkalemia. NSAID,
nonsteroidal ... within 1–2 h and last for 4–6 h. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate can
also be administered as a retention enema consisting of 50 g of resin and 50 mL of
70% sorbitol mixe...
... disturbed water homeostasis,
whereas alterations in Na
+
content are manifest as ECF volume contraction or
expansion and imply abnormal Na
+
balance.
Sodium Intake
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water ... cortical and
collecting duct to water in the absence of AVP. Abnormalities of any of these
steps can result in impaired free water excretion, and eventual hyponatre...
... betaine, and glutamine.
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 1)
Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 46. Fluid and Electrolyte
Disturbances > Sodium and Water
Sodium and Water: ... disparities in permeability and the presence of transporters and
active pumps. The major ECF particles are Na
+
and its accompanying anions Cl
–
and HCO
3
–...
... nephrogenic)
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 3)
Hypovolemia
Etiology
True volume depletion, or hypovolemia, generally refers to a state of
combined salt and water loss exceeding intake, ... Na
+
and water loss
1. Diuretics
2. Osmotic diuresis
3. Hypoaldosteronism
4. Salt-wasting nephropathies
C. Renal water loss
1. Diabetes insipidus (central or...
... 273). Another
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 4)
Extrarenal
Nonrenal causes of hypovolemia include fluid loss from the gastrointestinal
tract, skin, and respiratory system and third-space ... plasma volume and
hypotension. Hypotension is due to decreased venous return (preload) and
diminished cardiac output; it triggers baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and...
... (secondary water gain)
1. Integumentary loss: sweating, burns
2. Gastrointestinal loss: vomiting, tube drainage,
fistula, obstruction, diarrhea
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 5)
...
solution can be absorbed and result in a dilutional hyponatremia. The metabolism
of sorbitol and glycine to CO
2
and water may lead to hypotonicity if the
accumulated fluid a...
...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 6)
Hyponatremia in the setting of ECF volume expansion is usually associated ... of solute-free water include a reduced
GFR, decreased delivery of ultrafiltrate to the diluting site (due to increased
proximal fractional reabsorption of Na
+
and water) , and diuretic therapy. ... severity of the underlying
condition and is an imp...