Chapter 001 The Practice of Medicine (Part 3) ppt

... Chapter 001. The Practice of Medicine (Part 3) Principles of Patient Care Evidence-Based Medicine Evidence-based medicine refers to the concept that clinical decisions ... Evidence-based medicine has become an increasingly important part of the routine practice of medicine and has led to the publication of a number of practice guidelines. Practice Guidelines Professional ... charges of malpractice and society from the excessive costs associated with the overuse of medical resources. There are, however, caveats associated with clinical practice guidelines since they...

... the biological sciences (the sequencing of the human Clinical Skills History-Taking The written history of an illness should include all the facts of medical significance in the life of the ... overemphasized. Chapter 001. The Practice of Medicine (Part 1) The Modern-Day Physician No greater opportunity, responsibility, or obligation can fall to the lot of a human being than ... –Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 1950 The practice of medicine has changed in significant ways since the first edition of this book appeared in 1950. The advent of molecular biology...

... precision, they often gain an aura of authority regardless of the fallibility of the tests themselves, the instruments used in the tests, and the individuals performing or interpreting them. Physicians ... significance in the context of the patient's condition and other test results. The development of technically improved imaging studies with greater sensitivity and specificity is one of the most ... sedimentation rate, often provide a major clue to the presence of a pathologic process. On the other hand, the physician must learn to evaluate occasional history, should be recorded at the time they are...

... understanding of the mechanisms of gender differences in the course and outcome of certain diseases. For a more complete discussion of women's health, see Chap. 6. Care of the Elderly The relative ... of hospitalized patients, and the incidence increases with use of a large number of drugs. No matter what the clinical situation, it is the responsibility of the physician to use powerful therapeutic ... proportion of elderly individuals in the populations of developed nations has been growing considerably over the past few decades and will continue to grow. In this regard, the practice of medicine...

... by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Indeed, we have just begun to scratch the surface of possibilities that the era of genomics will provide to the practice of medicine. The ... complete discussion of global issues, see Chap. 2. Medicine on the Internet On the whole, the Internet has had a very positive effect on the practice of medicine; a wide range of information is ... travel may be offset by the quality of care at these distant locations. As much as any other factor influencing global aspects of medicine, the Internet has transformed the transfer of medical...

... Chapter 001. The Practice of Medicine (Part 8) Medical Ethics and New Technologies The rapid pace of technological advances has profound implications for medical ... learning is an integral part of being a physician and must be given the highest priority. Research, Teaching, and the Practice of Medicine The title doctor is derived from the Latin docere, "to ... life span. Because of their unique training, physicians have a responsibility to help shape the debate concerning the appropriate uses of, and limits that should be placed on, these new techniques....

... American Board of Internal Medicine, working together with the American College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine and the European Federation of Internal Medicine, has published ... increased number of malpractice suits, some of which are justifiable because of medical errors, but others of which reflect an unrealistic expectation on the part of many patients that their disease ... during the course of complex illnesses or procedures. Given these changes in the medical care system, it is a major challenge for physicians to maintain the humane aspects of medical care. The...

... men. The samples were then frozen and stored in a stainless steel tank. In the lefthand version of the first example, the reader has no way of knowing whether the stain was in the center of the ... President in 1889. If the antecedent consists of a group of words, the relative comes at the end of the group, unless this would cause ambiguity. The Superintendent of the Chicago Division, ... frequently, giving the full forms in an alphabetical list at the end. As a general practice, give the references in parentheses or in footnotes, not in the body of the sentence. Omit the words act,...

... 1894.]STEINMETZONHYSTERESIS.593orE1.6V10tiy3103P=aNfwhere:a=8-<8St.6fl65or,substituLting.0033:a191.45l6'or,substitutinigV=S1l,whereI=length of mnagneticcircuit:L01._58VL1031914/28r16S6A1.6-S6165.6n1.6and58E16L103191A4El6INAT65.6n16AT=5.6n1.6Asseen,thlehystereticlossisproportionalto the 1.6thpower of the E.M.F.,inverseproportionalto the 1.6thpower of the number of turnls,and,inverseproportionalto the .6thpower of frequency,and of cross-section.Ifo=equivalentconductance, the energycoinponent of cur-rentisC'=Ep,and the energyconsumedinconductancepis:P=CE='p.Since,however,E:1.6p=CCF1-6itis:p16aE2pN,6or,a58VL103L11.P-51t4sEAr6Zn64191.4Elj17.]94A'21.6S.6n1.6EF4j1.65.6n1.6Thatis:"TCheewivvalentconductctnceduetomagnetichysteresis,ispro-portionalto the coejfieient of hysteresis,i,andto the tengtht of the ?maqneticctrcut,I,andinverseproportionalto the .4thpower of the E.3.F-E,to the .6thpower of the frequency,-Y,andopf the cross-seetion of the magneticcirauit,5,andto the 1.6thpower of the number of turns,n."Hence, the equivalenthystereticconductanceincreaseswithde-creasingE.M.F.,anddecreaseswithincreasingE.M.F.;itvaries,however,muchslowerthan the E.M.F.,SOthat,if the hystereticconductancerepresentsonlyapart of the totalenergyconsumnp-ÆTHERFORCE ... 602STEINMETZONHYSTERESIS[May18,x-frequiency,r=electricconductivity of iron.,C=coefficient of eddy-currents. The loss of energypercm.3inergspercycle,isA=tyN1VB2,hence, the totalloss of powerbyeddy-currentsis:w=VrVN2B210-watts,and the equivalentconductanceduetoeddy-currents:o_VF10I.507I_--O_O-B22278,n2$X2where:I-length of magneticcircuit,Sesection of magneticcircuit,Annumber of turns of electriccircuit. The coefficienit of eddycurrents,a,dependsmerelyupontheAshape of the constituentparts of the magneticeireuit,thatis,whetherironplatesorwire,andthiekness of, platesordiameter of wire,etc. The twomostimportanitcasesare:(a),laminiatediron,(b)ironwire.a.LaminatedIron.Let,inFig.14,d=thickness of the ironplates,B=maximum.magneticinduction,N=frequieney,=electricconductivity of the iron.Then,ifxis the distance of azone,d?,frorn. the center of the sheet, the conductance of azone of thickness,dx,anidonecm.lengthandwidthis,dx;and the magneticfluxecutby-thiszoneis,Bx.Hence, the E.M.F.iniducedinthiszoneis:8E=7-2NWBx(c.G.S.)UDitS.ThisE.M.F.produces the current:dC=aE;,dx4/2N7AfBrxdx(C.G.S.)Units,if the thickness of the plateisnegligiblecomparedwith the length,sothat the currentcanbeassumedasflowinigparallelto the sheet,in the onedirectionat the one,in the otherdirectionat the otherside.ÆTHERFORCE ... 602STEINMETZONHYSTERESIS[May18,x-frequiency,r=electricconductivity of iron.,C=coefficient of eddy-currents. The loss of energypercm.3inergspercycle,isA=tyN1VB2,hence, the totalloss of powerbyeddy-currentsis:w=VrVN2B210-watts,and the equivalentconductanceduetoeddy-currents:o_VF10I.507I_--O_O-B22278,n2$X2where:I-length of magneticcircuit,Sesection of magneticcircuit,Annumber of turns of electriccircuit. The coefficienit of eddycurrents,a,dependsmerelyupontheAshape of the constituentparts of the magneticeireuit,thatis,whetherironplatesorwire,andthiekness of, platesordiameter of wire,etc. The twomostimportanitcasesare:(a),laminiatediron,(b)ironwire.a.LaminatedIron.Let,inFig.14,d=thickness of the ironplates,B=maximum.magneticinduction,N=frequieney,=electricconductivity of the iron.Then,ifxis the distance of azone,d?,frorn. the center of the sheet, the conductance of azone of thickness,dx,anidonecm.lengthandwidthis,dx;and the magneticfluxecutby-thiszoneis,Bx.Hence, the E.M.F.iniducedinthiszoneis:8E=7-2NWBx(c.G.S.)UDitS.ThisE.M.F.produces the current:dC=aE;,dx4/2N7AfBrxdx(C.G.S.)Units,if the thickness of the plateisnegligiblecomparedwith the length,sothat the currentcanbeassumedasflowinigparallelto the sheet,in the onedirectionat the one,in the otherdirectionat the otherside.ÆTHERFORCE...

... around the top third and the bottom third of the barrel, at a distance of 52 cm from each other. Make another hole of 1 cm in the base of the barrel. Through this bottom hole the liquid from the ... dug out behind the boma (A). The soil is put next to the trench. The bottom of the trench is loosened and a layer of dry vegetation is put on the bot-tom. 2 Then a layer of about 10 cm manure ... you fill the barrel slowly, you have to count the number of days for the process from the time when the barrel was filled to the top. Then after 4 to 5 days the mixture is sieved. The fine...