... 489
Germany 494
The Rhine 499
Italy 50 0
Greece 50 1
Sweden 50 1
The Soviet Union 50 2
Eastern Europe 50 4
Spain and Portugal 50 5
The Suez Canal 50 5
Japan 50 6
Canada 50 6
The United States 50 9
The Panama ... 329
CONTENTS
ix
Anchors and cables 54 0
Lights and buoys 54 1
Navigation 54 3
Charts and sailing directions 54 6
Ports and harbours 54 7
Shipbuilding and dock...
... 651
Manned spaceflight and the space race 652
Satellite technology 656
Probes to the moon 658
Probes to the planets 659
Launch vehicles 661
PART FOUR: COMMUNICATION AND CALCULATION 663
14. Language, ... how they fought their wars and which side won, was largely dependent
on the state of their technology and that of their enemy. Their motivation was
more often than not e...
... practice, and this is the first step in the process
of moving forward to a new solution. Thus the history of technology and the
history of invention are very much the same.
Why study the history of technology? ... who
studied, rather than the rise and fall of civilizations, the rise and fall of
technologies the technologies of hunting and weapon-making,...
... one of the causes of
the decline of the Roman Empire.
The Dark Ages
The last Roman troops left Britain in AD 436 and all contact between Britain
and Rome had ended by 450 . To a great extent the ... numbers of
slaves, there was a demand for such mechanization as was available and the
successors of the Romans continued to build water mills. At the time of the
Do...
... for
measuring the bores of cannon and the diameter of cannon balls.
The crank
An important development in the Middle Ages was that of mechanisms for the
interconversion of rotary and reciprocating ... weight. All the gears were of brass.
Galileo’s observations of the swinging altar lamp in the cathedral of Pisa
marked the start of the use of the pendu...
... she darted in and out of the lines
of ponderous warships. The following year the Admiralty ordered a 55 .5kph (30
knot) turbine-driven destroyer from Parsons. In another three years the first
turbined ... launched and, by 1907, this was followed by the
52 MW (70,000hp) 39,000 tonne liner, the Mauretania. The steam turbine and
reduction gearing was well and truly launched o...
... after the arrival of the Spanish invaders by the North American Indian:
Giovanni Verazzano, who visited the Atlantic Coast in 152 4, commented upon
the vast quantities of copper owned by the Indians, ... ridiculous and to many others a threat to the dignity of
themselves as members of the human race or worse, a threat to the very
existence of humanity as the only...
... Tepe Giyan, in the
Persian highlands, during the 4th millennium, and subsequently moved
southwards to Sumeria and the Persian Gulf, and westwards to the
Mediterranean seaboard, during the third ... came
from the Caucasus and were instrumental in transferring the arts of metallurgy
from the land of Elam (which now forms part of Iran) into Babylonia. The first
Sumerian...
... to the wall thickness of the casting to be produced.
The wall thickness of the San Marco horses varies between 7 .5 and 10.5mm,
and originally they were gilded. From the duplex structure of the ... fourth-millennium sites of Anan and Hissar III in Iran and
Naqada in Egypt.
The earliest evidence of lead being used for aesthetic rather than practical
purposes is provide...