Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 107 potx

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... 18 7 0 -1 885 MHz 19 5 0 -1 965 MHzMTA Broadband PCS 19 9 4 -1 995C Block30MHz 18 9 5 -1 910 MHz 19 7 5 -1 990 MHzBTA Broadband PCS 19 9 5 -1 996D Block 10 MHz 18 6 5 -1 870 MHz 19 4 5 -1 950 MHzBTA Broadband PCS 19 9 6 -1 997EBlock 10 MHz ... Broadband PCS 19 9 6 -1 997EBlock 10 MHz 18 8 5 -1 890 MHz 19 6 5 -1 970MHzBTA Broadband PCS 19 9 6 -1 997F Block 10 MHz 18 9 0 -1 895 MHz 19 7 0 -1 975 MHzBTA Broadband PCS 19 9 6 -1 997 1 © 2003 by CRC Press LLCAdvancedandEmergingCommunicationsTechnologies ... smallelectronicappliancessuchascameras,calculators,penlights,etc.Seebattery.2.AhistoricnonrechargeableFCC-Designated Communications Frequency BlocksBlock Blk. Size FrequencyPaired FrequencyNotesDateA Block30 MHz 18 5 0 -1 865 MHz 19 3 0 -1 945 MHz MTA Broadband PCS 19 9 4 -1 995B Block30 MHz 18 7 0 -1 885...

... 1mW).TheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)OpticalTechnologyDivisionandtheNISTElectronandOpticalPhysicsDivisionuseacryo-genicradiometerforabsolutepowermeasurementsinthedetectorcalibrationandspectralresponsivityfacility.InexperimentsattheSandiaNationalLabs,absolutepowerfromX-raysismeasuredwithtime-resolved resistive bolometry with Sandia fiber optic-controllednoise-reductiontechnology.7© 20 03 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary A Connector - 50PinsThe ... lightupontotheMediumSFIlglassSF5leadglassBaF13glassnonachromaticlensdopedglassborosilicate(BK7)glassfusedquartzglass-ceramicfusedsilicasyntheticfusedsilicaApprox.Number 25 .8 32. 345.057 .2 57.664.167.667.667.767.85© 20 03 by CRC Press LLCINPUT: 120 VAC60Hz15WOUTPUT:12VDC5DOmA Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary helpinmappinginternalstructuresthatcanbesensedwithsound,radar,orlighttoreveal ... Protocol.ab-Aprefixcommonlyusedwithnamesofpracticalelectricalunitsinthecentimeter-gram-second(CGS)electromagneticsystem,e.g.,abampere.ABAMAnolderWesternElectric(nowLucentTech-nologies)cabledesignationfor 22 -AWG,110-ohm,individuallyshielded,twisted...

... (ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B. 3-2 000)Specifiesthecomponentandtransmissionrequirementsforanoptical fiber cablingsystem(e.g.,cable,connectors).TIAlEIA-568-B. 2-2 1Dec01TR-42Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard - Part 2.·BalancedTwisted-Pair Cabling Components - Addendum2 (ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B. 2-2 -2 001)Providescorrectionstothe568-B.2Standard.TIA/EIA-568-B.l-l ... (ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B. 2-2 -2 001)Providescorrectionstothe568-B.2Standard.TIA/EIA-568-B.l-l 1Aug01TR-42Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard - Part 1:GeneralRequirements - Addendum 1 - Minimum 4-Pair UTPand4-Pair ScTP ... ELF3 0-3 00 Hz10Mm-lMm3ultra low ULF30 0-3 000 HzIMm-30 km4very low VLF1 0-3 0 kHz 30km-l0km5low LF3 0-3 00 kHz10km-lkmFacom distance measure-ment and navigation6 mediumMF300 kHz-3...

... CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary withraster-based displaysisdesiredis768(comparedto 640 for RS-170a). CCIR videoistraditionallytransmittedover75-ohmwell-shieldedcoaxialcables.CCIRN ... LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary plate,usuallypassing through acontrollinggrid.Theelectron beam-emitting endofa cathode-raytube(CRT).Seecathode-raytube,phototube, photomul-tipliertube.Cathode-Ray ... ofdangersfromeyeandobjectdamagetodiffusionhaz-ards,burns,andgeneralfirehazards.169© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalothatprovidesanumberofinteresting...

... LLCservices.Incontrast,phonecallsandmodemdatatransfersareconnection-orientedend-to-endcommu-nications.Contrastwithconnection-oriented.ConnectionlessBroadband DataServiceCBDS.InATMnetworking,a high-speed packet-basedcon-nectionlessservicesimilartoSMDS(Bellcore)thatisdefinedbytheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStan-dardsInstitute(ETSI).CBDSisappropriatefornet-worksrequiringhigh-volume,high-speedtransmis-sionratesandthusisfavoredforhigh-endgraphicsandpublishing,videoconferencingandstreaming,andscientificresearchapplications.CBDSisfavoredoverprivatelinesorpermanentvirtual ... video connector6.SCSI-2 50-pin computer data connector7.25-pin D-shaped computer data connector8.50-pin flat SCSI data connectorConrad, Frank (187 4-1 941) AnAmericanbroad-casterwhobeganascallsign8XKinhisPennsylva-niagarage,whichwaslater ... ConnectorsAvarietyofcommon,standardizedcomputer,phone,and video connectors.1. 9- to IS-pin D-shaped computer data adapter2.25-pin D-shaped null modem data adapter3.RJ-IIphone line splitter/joiner4.and5.stereo sound...

... opticalInopticalcommunications,anITU-specifiedtransmissionbandinthe1280 - 1625-nmrange.TheE-bandspectrumhasonlyrecentlybecomecom-merciallyviable,as fiber technologyevolves.Ven-dorshavebegunreleasingsystemsforincorporatingE-bandcapabilitiesintocoarsewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing(CWDM) fiber opticsystemscarryingotherwavelengths,thusincreasingcapacity.Suppli-ersoftestingequipmentforopticalnetworksbeganreleasingtestequipmentforportionsoftheE-bandspectruminearly2001.Nonzero-dispersion-shiftedfiberstendtobeusedinthesesystems,a fiber typealsosuitableforC-bandandL-bandapplications.SeeC-band,L-band.E-carrier, European-carrierTheEuropeanITU-T-specifiedanalogtotheT1high-speedcommunica-tionssystemusedinNorthAmerica.Theyarethesameinmanygeneralaspects,buttheydifferastotheoverallhierarchyanddetails,suchasspeedoftransmissions,numberofchannels,andthelackofbit-robbing.Sincebit-robbingisnotusedforsignal-ingpurposes,afull64Kbpsispossible(asopposedtothe56Kbpsinbit-robbedsystemswithsimilarcharacteristics).TheanalogtothesuperframeonT-carriersystemsisthemultiframe(16frames)onE-carriersystems.E1transmitsat2.048Mbps(comparedtoTl1.544Mbps)usingtimedivisionmultiplexing(TDM)andpulsecodemodulation(PCM)simultaneouslyonupto3064-Kbpsdigitalchannels.Twoadditionalchan-nelsareusedforsignalingandframing.SeeJ-car-rier,T-carrier.e-commerce, ... opticalInopticalcommunications,anITU-specifiedtransmissionbandinthe1280 - 1625-nmrange.TheE-bandspectrumhasonlyrecentlybecomecom-merciallyviable,as fiber technologyevolves.Ven-dorshavebegunreleasingsystemsforincorporatingE-bandcapabilitiesintocoarsewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing(CWDM) fiber opticsystemscarryingotherwavelengths,thusincreasingcapacity.Suppli-ersoftestingequipmentforopticalnetworksbeganreleasingtestequipmentforportionsoftheE-bandspectruminearly2001.Nonzero-dispersion-shiftedfiberstendtobeusedinthesesystems,a fiber typealsosuitableforC-bandandL-bandapplications.SeeC-band,L-band.E-carrier, ... BroadcastingArea.4.SeeeventualByzantineagreement.EBCDIC(pron.eb-si-dik)ExtendedBinary-CodedDecimalInterchangeCode.Afamilyof8-bit(25 6- character)encodingsadaptedbyInternationalBusi-nessMachines(ffiM)frompunchcardcodes,inpref-erencetoASCIIwhichismorewidelyusedbytherest...

... OperationalMeteorological Satel-liteGOMS.AlsoknownasElektro,theGOMSsys-temisatbree-axis-stabilizedimagingsatellitethatis part oftheRussianFederationPlaneta-CMeteoro-logicalSpaceSystem.Thefirstoftheseriesofsatel-liteswaslaunchedinOctober1994,witheachplat-formexpectedtolastatleastthreeyears.GOMSor-bitsovertheEarth'sequatoratlongitude76°50'E.GOMSsensesinfraredimagesoftheEarth'ssurfaceandcloudcover,providescontinuouscoverageofatmosphericpatterns,detectspotentiallyhazardousphenomena,measuresseasurfacetemperattrres,andmonitorsspace-borneenergyparticles.Aboardthesatellite, ... checking.Surgesuppressors,powerconditioners,robustandappropriate(forthe© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary SomerelatedFCCradiotelephone authorizationsin-cludetheFirst,Second,andThirdClassRadiotele-graphOperator Certificates.Theserequireexams,insomecasesMorseCodecompetency,andarevalidforfive-yearterms(renewable). ... multipleswitchesandpartitioningissupportedforthecontrolofasingleswitchbymultiplecontrollers.Thecapabilitytoqueryandreportswitch-relatedcon-figurationandstatistical statusisparticularlyvalu-ableforremoteswitchoperationsand,astheproto-colevolves,isdesiredforopticalnetwork configu-rationsaswell.Initially,GSMPwasdevelopedtoworkwithstaticswitchpartitions;however,dynamicforwardingtomultipleadministrativedomainsmightbefeasibleforfutureversions...

... introducedin1976asMIL-STD-18 8-1 20,thisarchivehasevolvedthroughsev-eralrevisionstobecometheTelecomGlossary2000.Itisprovidedthroughtheu.s.NationalCommuni-cationsSysteminprint,CD-ROM,andWebformats,withincreasingemphasisonelectronicdevelopmentanddissemination.TheGlossaryismandatedforusebyallfederaldepartmentsandagenciesfortheprepa-rationoftelecommunicationsdocumentationandisavailablefromtheNationalTechnicalInformationService.DefinitionsfromthepreviousstandardwererevisedandupdatedbytheFTSCSubcommitteetoReviseFED-STD-J037B.Thesubsequent ... infrastruc-turefortheoverallplan.ThesystemisbaseduponacombinationofEarth-basedandsatellite-basedradioservices,emphasizingship-to-shoremarinesignalingthroughrelatively user-friendly consoles.GMDSSsignalingisquickly supersedingthedecades-oldMorsecode-basedsystem.Inadditiontotheautoma-tionof ... touroftheWhiteHouseandfindinforma-tiononcontacting governmentagencies.GillisthefounderofPenfieldGill,Inc.,amediacommunica-tionsandplanningcompany.© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Gladstone-Dale...

... lasersource,theymaybeusedascom-pactopticalsensors.SONET OpticalCarrier(OC-) Transport LevelsCarrierRate(Mbps)0 8-3 0 8-1 0 8-0 OC-l51.841 28 672 OC-3155.52 384 2016OC-9466.569 252 6048OC-12622.0812336 ... withMPLS.UnderlyingOLSisthepacket-switchingfab-riccomprisingrapidlytunablewavelengthconversioncapabilitiesandscalablearrayed-waveguidegrating.OLSisbuiltuponthiswithaforwardlooktonextgenerationall-opticalIntemetworks.OLSroutingusesanopticalheaderwithalabelintheheadertodeterminethepacketforwarding.Thedataareheldinthe fiber pathwhiletheheaderisex-aminedandmaybereplacedforthenextleginthetransmissionpath.OLSprojectgoalsasof2000includedroutercon-nectivityinexcessof1024x1024andaggregateswitchingbandwidthofalmosta peta-bits-per-sec-ond.Themultiprotocolopticalroutingisintendedtobeinteroperable with circuit-, burst-, flow-,andpacket-switched networks.Seelabel switching,MultiprotocolLabelSwitching,opticalburstswitch-ing.OQPSKoffsetquadraturephaseshiftkeying.Seequadraturephaseshiftkeying.Orange ... bufferingatintermediatenodesiselimi-nated,reducingthewaitforprocessing of controlpackets.Signalingisout-of-band.SeeJust-Enough-Time,Optical-LabelSwitching.optical bypassIna Fiber DistributedDataInterface(FDDI)token-passing...

... agallium-arsenidediode(left)andanindium-gallium-arsenidediode.photodiode, avalancheAPD.Asemiconductorcom-ponentcommonlymadeofsilicon(Si)orindium-737© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Thenamereferstotheouter ... oftrafficlights(whichmaydimovertime)tomakesuretheyarebrightenoughtobeseenclearlybymotorists.Goniophotometersarecommoninthelightingindus-try.Photometersaidinassessinglightpropagationthroughdifferenttypesofwaveguidesinthedesignanddevelopmentofopticalnetworktechnologies.Therangeofsensitivityofaphotometerisdependentuponitspriceandintendedapplication.Thespectralrangewithinwhichitissensitivealsovaries,butcom-monlyphotometersmeasurevisibleandinfraredfre-quencies.Abasicclassroomphotometermayincludeseveralmeasurementscaleswithsensitivitytopowerlevelsrangingfromabout20microwattsto20milli-watts.Measurementscalesmaybelinearorlogarith-mic.Someindustrialphotometershaveoptional,in-terchangeablesensorheadsfordifferentapplications.Simultaneousmeasurementsofmorethanonewave-lengtharepossiblewithsomescientificmodels.Thereadingfromaphotometermaybeoutputtoabuilt-inLCDdisplayormaybetransmittedtootherdevicessuchasoscilloscopes,recorders,orcomputerperiph-eralcards.Photometersdesignedformicroscopesmayhaveanadjustableiristoenablethesampletobeviewedwhilethelightismeasured.Ahousingforfiltersmayalsobeincluded.Inastronomy,wherelightintensityprovidesinforma-tiononthepropertiesofcelestialbodies,photometersareimportantresearchtoolsandmaybeintegratedwithspectrographsintelescopicsystems.Sophisti-catedoptical fiber- basedphotometersarenowavail-ableforstudyingfastvariableastronomicalphenom-ena.Multiplefibersenablereferenceimagestobeas-sessedinconjunctionwiththephenomenabeingob-served. Fiber optics maybeusedtolinkindividualtelescopesinatelescopicarray.Thefirst ... LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary gallium-arsenide/indium-phosphide(InGaAs/InP).SiliconAPDsarep-njunctionsolid-statedetectorswithhighinternalgain.Theyarereasonablyimmunetoelectricfieldsandsensitiveenoughtodetectsinglephotonsatroomtemperature.APDsareusedforopticaldetectionforavarietyofapplicationsincluding fiber opticcommunicationre-ceivers, fluorescence detectors, photon counters,time-of-flightrangingdevices,andcryptography.Fi-beropticreceiverscommonlyusep-i-nphotodiodesorAPDsfordetectingandconvertinganopticalsig-nalintoanelectricalsignal.Newindium-gallium-arsenide/silicon(InGaAs/Si)APDshavebeendevelopedunderagrantfundedbyAFRL/DARPAwithseparateabsorptionandmulti-plication(SAM)regionsforuseinnear-infraredfre-quencies.Theseofferfaster,moresensitivephotode-tectionatwavelengthsthatwerenotpreviouslyprac-tical.Seeavalanchediode,Zenerdiode.photoelectriccellAtypeofelectronicsensingdeviceactivatedbylightandwidelyusedinsecuritysystems,automaticlightingsystems(e.g.,streetlights),auto-maticdoors,etc.Aphotoelectriccellcanbemadebycoatingcesiumononeoftheelectrodesinavacuumtube.Thistechnologywasusedinearlytelevisioncameras.Seephotodetector.photographyTheartandscienceofregisteringlightfromobjectsinasceneandstoringthemintheformofanimage.Lateritbecamepossibletoproducemultiplesoftheseimagesbyanumberofmeans.Mostphotographyinvolvescapturingthree-dimensionalimageryinatwo-dimensionalformat.Lightisusu-allyrecordedfromthevisiblespectrum,buttherearecamerasandfilmsdesignedtorecordheatandinfra-redradiationwhichshowimagesinaformdifferentfromthewayhumansperceivethem,andelectronmicroscopes...

... Instructionsusedbyapro-grammertocontrol computeroperations.Program-minglanguagesareroughlydividedintolow-,me-dium-,andhigh-level languages. Low-level lan-guagesarethosewhichmostdirectly ... English.Theyoftenarerunasinter-pretedlanguages(althoughcompilersmayexist),and© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary foraStage2 Service DescriptionforPCS-basedPACA-E.Thisdocumentdefinedanddescribedcallsetup ... lensL-PAS.Similartoaprofilealignmentsystemwithvideo-basedalignmentof fiber opticcladdingandthenlenseffect associatedwiththe fiber core.ProfileF,TIFF-F A black-and-white subset oftheTIFFspecification suitableforminimal...

... designedtodeliberatelysuppresssidelobes.Inradarsensing,sidelobesignalscanmuddythera-darsignalandcauseconfusion.Sometimesanomni-directionalantennaseparatefromthemainantennaisusedtosendoutareferencepulsethatislowerthanthesignalfromthemainantenna,butstrongerthanthesignalfromitssidelobes.Thisenablesthetran-spondertomakeafewcalculationsanddeterminewhetherasignalcamefromthemainantennaorthesidelobe.Itcanthenrespondornotrespondasap-propriate.Antennapatternmodelingprogramsareusedforgen-eratingandassessingtheconfigurationandinfluenceofsidelobes(includingthermalemissions).Sidelobeinterferenceinantennascanbeaproblem,butitisnotrestrictedtolargerphysicalstructures;sidelobeissuesarealsoimportanttosmall-scale© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem Atheoremthatfacilitatescalculationsforassessinganenviron-mentwithadditivewhiteGaussiannoiseanditsim-plicationsforrelativecapacitiesincommunicationschannels.Inotherwords,capacityhasbeenmath-ematicallydefinedinrelationtobandwidth,energyperbit,andnoisepowerdensity,toyieldusefulin-formationabouttotalsignalandnoisepower,andbandwidthefficiency(inbitspersecondperHertz)incommunicationtechnologies.Shared ... systemviable.TheITU-TdescribestheSDPinRecommendation Q.1205.© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary communicatewithastronautsinspaceandforcon-ductingcommunicationsexperimentswithground-basedamateurradiooperators.SAREXwaslaterin-tegratedintotheInternationalSpaceStationprojectandhasevenbeenusedforemergencymessaging.AmateurradiohasalonghistoryofcooperationwithU.S. ... standardencapsulationprotocolforseriallines,usedforpoint-to-pointcommunicationswithTCPlIP.SLIPhasnowbeensupersededbyPoint-to-PointProtocol(PPP).SeePoint-to-PointProtocol,RFC1055.SERNSeeSoftwareEngineeringResearchNetwork.server...

... photodiodedetector.Thisde-tectortranslatesthesignalsbackintoelectricalim-pulses.Single-mode fiber isdividedintotwogeneralcatego-ries:non-dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF)anddisper-sion-shifted fiber (DSF).DSF,in turn,issubcategorizedaszero-dispersion-shifted ... databases.Accessisthroughdialup,Internet,anddedicatedcon-nectionswithvarious security systemsinplacetore-strictaccesstoauthorized users.TheSMS/SOOsys-temsupports a 24-hour-a-day, 7-day-a-week publicservice.WithintheSMS/SOOsystem, ... turn,issubcategorizedaszero-dispersion-shifted fiber (ZDSF) and non-zero-dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDF).InDSFs,thecore-claddinghasbeenfabri-catedtoshiftoptimaldispersiontohigherfrequen-cies.Therearelimitstohowmuchofthistypeofcom-pensationcanbeimplemented,however,asshiftingfrequenciesmayinterferewithotherfrequency"win-dows"travelinginthesamelightguide,asinmulti-mode fiber. NZDFisintendedtoovercomethistypeofinterferencebyshiftingthezero-dispersionpointabovetherangeofwavelengthsthathavebeenopti-callyamplified.Seemultimodeoptical fiber. sink1.Adevicetodrainenergyfromasystem.Heatsinksarecommonondevicesorcomponentswhichrunhotandneedtobecooledforsafetyandtomain-tainoperatingtemperatures.2.Apointwhereenergyfromanumberofsourcesisdirected,andthendrainedaway.3.Apointinacommunicationssystemwhereinformationisdirected.sinterTocausetobecomeacoherentmasswithoutmelting,throughtheapplication...

... NikolaTesla.TeslacoilAn air-core transfonnerforcreatinghigh-voltage dischargesatveryhighfrequencies.Tesla, Nikola (185 6-1 943 ) An engineerandinven-torborninSmiljan Lika (Austria-Hungary)whode-velopedthealternating ... designatedkeyshelddownsimultaneouslyforMS-DOS/lntel-basedIBM-licensedsystems(Ctrl-Alt-Delete)andAmigas.throughputProduction;output;nonredundantinfor-mationoritemsofrelevancemovingthroughasys-tem.Throughputisusedinindustrialandcomputingindustriestodescribetheefficiency ... currentintoeverydayappli-cations.Hiscolleague,GeorgeWestinghouse,furtherimplementedmanyofTesla'sideas.Theteslaunitofmagneticfluxisnamedafterhim.© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary thoughtrelatedtoacommonforerunner.3.Inpro-gramming, aflexibleprocess organizationmecha-nismbywhichindividualprocessescanusecommonresources,butcontinuetooperateunimpededbyotherthreads,ifneeded,inordertoimproveprogrameffi-ciencyortoincrease...