Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 75 potx

... Optical- to-electrical-to -optical Optical Fiber Communications Conference Optical Internetworking Forum Optical line terminal Optical multiplex section Optical network unit On-off keying Optical ... Acronyms Acronym Expansion 1R 2R 3R AAL ACTS ADM AGC AIS ANSI AOTF APD APS AR ASE ATM ATMOS AWG BCH BDI BER BLSR Regeneration without reshaping or retiming Regeneration ... indication signal American National Standards Institute Acousto-optic tunable filter Avalanche photodetector Automatic protection switching Anti-reflective Amplified spontaneous emission Asynchronous...

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 5 potx

... layer. A virtual circuit (VC) represents an end-to-end connection with a certain set of quality-of-service parameters associated with it, such as bandwidth and error rate. Data transmitted by ... (virtual circuits) and is capable of providing a variety of quality-of-service guarantees. Packets in ATM are called cells and are of fixed length (53 bytes). ATM is being used by many carriers ... recent years, people have realized that optical networks are capable of providing more functions than just point-to-point transmission. Major advantages are to be gained by incorporating some...

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 8 potx

... optical packet-switched networks and local-area optical networks continues today. Meanwhile, wavelength-routing networks became a major focus area for several researchers in the early 1990s as ... Intentionally Left BlankPropagation of Signals in Optical Fiber O PTICAL FIBER IS A REMARKABLE communication medium compared to other media such as copper or free space. An optical fiber ... fiber transmission and networking. What is significant is that we are still far away from hitting the fundamental limits of capacity in optical fiber. While there are several roadblocks along...

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 15 potx

... multiple optical signals are generated by repeated traversals of a single cavity; such devices are called etalons. An electromagnetic wave (light) of angular frequency co propagating, say, in ... and Filters 11~ Figure 3.5 A polarization-independent isolator. The isolator is constructed along the same lines as a polarization-dependent isolator but uses spatial walk-off polarizers at ... between adjacent channels in a WDM system. 4. As more and more filters are cascaded in a WDM system, the passband becomes progressively narrower. To ensure reasonably broad passbands at the...

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 17 potx

... situation. Also the passband of narrow band MZIs is not flat. In contrast, the dielectric multicavity thin-film filters can have flat passbands and good stop bands. MZIs are useful as two-input, ... cavities leads to a flatter passband and a sharper transition from the passband to the stop band. 3.3 Multiplexers and Filters 137 a result, the crosstalk performance is far from the ideal ... device acts as a bandpass filter, passing through a particular wavelength and reflecting all the other wavelengths. The wavelength that is passed through is determined by the cavity length. A...

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 29 potx

... of the APD by 7~APD, and the average avalanche multiplication gain by Gm, the average photocurrent is given by [ - 7~APDP Gm~P, and the shot noise current at the APD output has variance 2 ... Such a diagram is called an eye diagram because of its resemblance to the shape of the human eye. An eye diagram can be easily generated experimentally using an oscilloscope to display the ... signals are transmitted over the optical fiber where they undergo attenuation and dispersion, have noise added to them from optical amplifiers, and sustain a variety of other impairments that...

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 41 potx

... and add OC-12 or OC-3 streams from/to an OC-48 stream. Similarly, an OC-3 ADM can drop/add DS3 streams from/to an OC-3 stream. ADMs are now widely used in the SONET infrastructure. ADMs can ... (located in the first STS-1 in a frame) are used to carry a line data communication channel for maintenance purposes such as alarms, monitoring, and control. Path Overhead STS Path trace ... However, a two-stage hierarchy is defined here, where VC-11s, VC-12s, and VC-2s can be multiplexed into VC-3s or VC-4s, and VC-3s and VC-4s are then multiplexed into an STM-1 signal. 6.1.2...

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 47 potx

... Consider a ring network with two intermediate adjacent nodes A and B, each with an OADM. (a) Consider the case where the OADM at node A adds wavelength )~1 and the OADM at node B drops the adjacent ... Schesser. Africa ONE: The Africa optical network. IEEE Communications Magazine, 34(2):5 0-5 7, Feb. 1996. [OWS96] S. Okamoto, A. Watanabe, and K I. Sato. Optical path cross-connect node architectures ... node B, and 10 router ports at node C, for a total of 40 router ports. At the optical layer, nodes A and C have OLTs, whereas node B has a pair of OLTs that terminate all the wavelengths passing...

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 60 potx

... limitations: 9 Not all failures can be handled by the optical layer. If a laser in an attached client terminal fails, the optical layer cannot do anything about it. Thus, client equipment failures need ... the optical multiplex section layer. Table 10.4 summarizes schemes operating in the optical channel layer. These schemes have not yet been standardized, and there are many variants. We have attempted ... can only monitor presence or absence of power (and in some cases, the optical signal-to-noise ratio). While it may also be able to measure power degradations, it may not know what the reasonable...

Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 78 potx

... equivalent to a quarter or a half wavelength at )~0. (A quarter-wavelength slab of the dielectric with refractive index nL would have a thickness ~.0/4nL.) Since these thicknesses at optical wavelengths ... filter. A particularly useful filter structure consists of a few cavities separated by several quarter-wavelength films. If H and L denote quarter-wavelength films (at ~.0) of the high- and low-index ... medium k, namely, ~k. The intrinsic impedance at the (k - 2 )-( k- 1) interface can be calculated using (G.2) with ZL Ok, ~ Ok-l, n n~-l, and 1 - lk-1. Continuing in the same manner, we can recursively...

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