Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 5 doc

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 4 docx

... “ishion” standing for hip, buttocks, sacrum, loin and alsoupper limb. Since the time of Hippocrates of Cos (46 0–370B.C.), this term hasrelatedtopainsyndromeofthelowerbackandtheupperpartsofthelowerlimbs[57].The ... (1930).2 Section History of Spinal Disordersc dFigure 2. (Cont.)c Andreas Vesalius (15 14 15 64) . d Josias Weitbrecht’s (1702 – 1 747 ) Syndesmologia (1 742 ) precisely described the spinal ligaments.During ... locatedin the spinal cordAt the beginning of the 19th century, it was still believed that some parts of the spinal cord contained the “centers of feeling”. Furthermore it was believed thatthe spinal...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 5 doc

... [42].Par ´e ( 151 0– 159 0)introduced a bracefor scoliosis treatment A less cruel method of treating spinal deformities was developed by AmbroisePar´e ( 151 0– 159 0). The father of French surgery ... loca-tion and size of the lesion. There is often a history of trauma not immediately related to the present condition. Numbness and tingling, anaesthesia, partial or complete loss of power of locomotion, ... underarm and leg distractionin suspension. In later times, only little progress was made regarding the etiology and treatment of spinal deformities. Spinal deformities werethought to result fromspinal...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 6 docx

... of anymajor advancement in the treatment of spinal dis-orders.In the Renaissance, the studies of Andreas Vesalius(1514–1 564 ), the father of modern anatomy, led toa better understanding of ... dedicated to the research and treatment of spinal cordinjuries (Fig. 10c).He propagated intensive rehabilitation and sports. He also wrote a profound and epoch-making textbook of spinal cord injuries ... “scoliosis” and per-formed experiments on the spinal cord, which led toa better understanding of the nervous system.At the end of antiquity, the Greek physician Paulus of Aegina (62 5 69 0A.D.)...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 17 docx

... theresponsibleenzymefortetrahydrobiopterin(BH4)synthesis.BH4isanessentialcofactor for catecholamine, serotonin and nitric oxide production and thus a keymodulator of peripheral neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Healthy individu-Pathways of Spinal Pain ... integration and nociceptive transfer of noci-144 Section Basic ScienceGeneral Concepts of Pain Treatment Pharmacological Treatment Current acute pain treatment is aggressive,multimodal and preemptiveA ... present and future pain treatment [129].Differentiating Inflammatory and Neuropathic PainDifferentiating inflammatory and neuropathic painis challenging clinicallyWhile the diagnosis and assessment...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 23 docx

... work-up and initiation of treatment is mandatory.The major goal of the clinical assessment is to differentiate:specific spinal disorders, i.e. with a pathomorphological correlatenon-specific spinal ... consider a spinal intervention✔The reproducibility of the patient’s history and examination is limitedEpidemiologyGenerally, spinal painis common, benign, and self-limitingBack and neck pain ... of the very high rate of benign spinal pain which poses aPatient Assessment Section 201PainAlthough pain is the most common complaint in patients with spinal disorders,our understanding of...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 29 doc

... injection of 0.3 ml of contrast material.Anteroposterior spot radiographs are obtained for the documentation of thecontrast material distribution. Two milliliters of 0.2% ropivacaine and 40 mg of triamcinolone ... value of discography because of a lack of understanding of pain pathogenesis [22–24, 78, 123].IndicationsInourservice,patientsareonlyselectedforprovocativediscographyiftheyarepotential candidates ... target spinal structure. A large number of studies have accumulated in the literature which describe application, techniques and potential benefits. However, the lack of a clear understanding of...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 34 docx

... bilat-eral and complex symptoms (impaired upper limb –hand function, gait disorder, bladder and bowl dys-function). Duration of symptoms is important forthe definition of etiology and urgency of therapy(e.g. ... (cave: spinal shock). Pathological reflexesindicate central (spinal and supraspinal) lesions.Motor strength is subdivided into six grades(M0–M5), and key muscles both for radicular and spinal ... Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. American Spinal Injury Association. Spinal Cord 35(5):266 – 74This article describes the internationally standardized...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 40 docx

... intubationdegree of mouth openingsize of the tonguevisibility of the pharynxthe state of dentitionrestriction of neck movementstability of the cervical spineAssessment of cervicalstability is mandatoryin ... preparation and to take into account those conditionswhich will add to the risk of anesthesia and surgery.Information and InstructionsOne aim of the preoperative visit is to explain and describe ... [31]. The result of these investigations can influ-ence the decision on the kind of anesthesia (epidural or spinal anesthesia instead of general anesthesia), and in the case of very limited conditions...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 42 doc

... PGE1is capable of reducing MAP smoothly, maintaining the autoregulation of the spinal cord blood flow [79].In spinal cord injury and compression, CHA cancompromise remaining spinal cord functionCaution ... taken to minimize compression and traction of linesand anatomic struc-tures. Cervical spine procedures call for a thorough final check of lines and tubesbefore prepping and draping. The endotracheal ... many places of the world except inNorth America, because of its minimal interference with intraoperative neuro-monitoring, smooth and fast anesthesia and quick control of the level of anes-thetic...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 44 doc

... assessment of the different organ systems is self-evident✔Perioperative tachycardias are often combinedwith ischemic episodes, and their treatment ismandatory because of the high mortality of perioperative ... ileus, and nausea and delays mobilization and feeding. Effec-tive treatment of postoperative pain, therefore, results in modification of thebiological response to surgery, but the extent of modification ... of the sym-pathetic system due to pain and the large amounts of opioids necessary for suffi-cient analgesia. After major spinal surgery, a more rapid recovery of bowel func-tion has been documented...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 45 doc

... hypertrophy of the yellow ligament and causes a narrowing of the spinal canal and foramen. During later stages of segmental degeneration, kyphosis of the cervical spine can occur and furthercompromise ... irritation of the nerve roots and can lead to hyp-oxia of the nerve root and dorsal root ganglion. The subsequent release of proin-flammatory cytokines and NGF is responsible for the generation of ... peak of 202.9 for the age group 50–54 years. A history of physical exer-tion or trauma preceding the onset of symptoms occurred in only 14.8% of cases.Themediandurationofsymptomspriortodiagnosiswas15days.Amono-radi-culopathy...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 49 doc

... comparison of cervical laminaplasty and cervical laminectomy with progressive facetectomy. Spine18:1995–2004190. Nurick S (1972) The natural history and the results of surgical treatment of the spinal ... operative treatment of 48 patients with mild and moderate forms of cervical spondylotic myelopa-thy (CSM). The authors concluded that surgical treatment of mild to moderate forms of CSM in the ... Spine 20:2211 –68. Anderberg L, Annertz M, Persson L, Brandt L, Saveland H (2007) Transforaminal steroidinjections for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a prospective and randomised study.Eur...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 54 doc

... course of spinal stenosis is generally benignLittle is known about the natural history of spinal stenosis. Some authorsreported that the natural course is benign and that the subjective and physicalmanifestations ... the type of stenosis (i.e. central,lateral recess, or foraminal) and the presence of concomitant back pain. Theprincipal surgical options for decompression of central and/ or lateral spinal ste-nosis ... evaluated for spinal stenosis and can be recommended for this pur-pose [93].Diagnostic Work-upThe diagnosis of spinal stenosis is mainly based on the patient’s clinical symp-toms and signs....

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 55 doc

... spine, with and without spinal fusion, for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis without instability in 45patients. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: Group ... decompression with laminotomy and medial facetectomy; Group II,with decompression and arthrodesis of the most stenotic segment; and Group III, withdecompression and spinal fusion of all decompressed ... treatment, and in four-fifths of the patients selected for surgery. Patients with an unsatisfactory result from con-servative treatment were offered delayed surgery after 3–27 months. The treatment...

Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 56 doc

... features,i.e.completelossofarticularcartilage,cysts and pseudocysts in the bone, dense bone sclerosis, and large osteophyteformation. Of note, spontaneous fusion of the facet joints is very rare in theabsence of ... true incidence of symptomatic alterations of the motion segment.The natural history of LBPis benignThe natural history of LBP related to degenerative lumbar spondylosis isbenign and self-limiting. ... prerequisite for normal spinal function is the coordinated interplay of the spi-nal components, i.e.:intervertebral discfacet joints and capsules spinal ligaments spinal muscles (extrinsic,...

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