The grammar of the english verb phrase part 101 doc

... t0, not to the situation time of the head clause(nor to any other orientation time that is related to the situation time of the head clause). The use of the absolute preterite places the situation ... Gordon arrived.with the same referent). Thus, since in the real world the capital of France and Parishave the same referent, we can replace the former by the latter in The capital of Francehas ten ... configurations (apartfrom some others mentioned further on). They are exemplified by the followingsentences, all of which can be used to describe the same state of affairs, but all of which are...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 2 doc

... verb forms 22A. Tense 221.14 Introduction 221.15 The formation of the present tense 231.16 The formation of the past tense 231.17 The formation of the other tenses 241.18 The meanings of ... dealingwith the English verb phrase. (The definitions of the terms and concepts used in the book arebrought together in an extensive glossary at the end of the book.) Part I (ϭ sections 1.1Ϫ1.4) first ... misunderstandings. Part III (ϭ sections 1.14Ϫ1.27) is a brief over-view of tense and two other areas of meaningthat can be expressed by the use of verb formsin English and that interact with tense: the sys-tem...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 3 docx

... speak of anoun phrase (NP) (e. g.all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... whether a clause refers to the performance of an action, the happening of an event, the development of a process or the existence of astate, we can say that the clause in question refers to the actualization ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequences of these semantics both for the adverbial...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 4 docx

... consisting of the initialletters of the terms negation, inversion, code and emphasis. The reference is to the four cases in which the English VP requires an auxiliary. If there is noauxiliary, the ... a verb form’. A verb form consists either of a verb (in the form of a participle or infinitive) plus one or more auxiliaries(e. g. will see, would have seen) or of a (usually inflected) verb ... entire verb phrase (as in John will not be sleeping, butI will). In other words, an auxiliary cannot be the only or last verb form in the VP (except in ‘code’). In the following example the main verbs...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 8 doc

... (and to the clauses denotingthem), the literature also applies these labels to the verbs or verb phrases whichtypically refer to a particular group of situations. We read of ‘punctual verbs’,‘durative ... Using the term verb phrase (VP)Strictly speaking, a verb phrase is a phrase (group of words) with a verb ashead. Thus, the clause John presumably left the house contains the VP left the house. ... (Together with the adverb presumably, the VP forms the ‘predicateconstituent’, i. e. that part of the clause that is not the subject Ϫ see section1.7.) However, in John presumably left, the...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 11 doc

... according to the length of the book or the size of the wall and is unspecified when the verb phrase write a book or build a wall is used). The other kind of measuring VP consists of verb phrases which ... characteristic of sen-tences (since the nature of the subject does not play a part in making the distinction)20but of verbs and verb phrases. In fact, various constituents of the verb phrase can ... on the level of the clause (which refersto actualization), the indication of the full length of a situation can also be the result of measuring the situation when the endpoint of the actualization...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 30 docx

... about other parts of the situa-tion or about the situation as a whole. In technical terms, what is located in the past is not the time of the full situation but the situation time (the time of the ... to manage to reach the addressee so quickly.In each of the clauses in the past tense, the speaker is concerned with one particularsituation forming part of the past sequence of situations resulting ... the THEN of a particular situation orset of situations but with the question whether the kind of situation referredto has or has not actualized (in a period leading up to t0). This kind of...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 34 doc

... connection with the time of the full situation, the semantics of the present perfect is always The situation time is located in the pre-present zone’, i. e. The pre-present zonecontains the situation ... interpretation. (The precondi-tion for the continuative reading Ϫ that the situation be homogeneous, inother words that the situation time can be a proper subpart of the time of the full situation ... the time of the predi-cated situation is included in the pre-present’) and ‘situation time up to t0’(ϭ the time of the predicated situation is co-extensive with the pre-present’). Eachof...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 36 docx

... Compare:IV. More on the indefinite reading of the perfect 243 The following pair of examples also illustrates the rule that (on an indefiniteinterpretation) the time of actualization of the situation ... of the recession.244 5. The absolute use of the present perfectMoreover, the present perfect can co-occur with the adverbials recently, lately,just and this minute, particularly in British English. This ... interpretation of the presentperfect is only possible when the precise temporal location of the situation time of the bygone situation remains indefinite. The moment this location is speci-fied, the past...

The grammar of the english verb phrase part 43 docx

... reading. The latter is the preferred interpretation if the sentence is used out of context.) The Johnsons have lived in London for three years now. (The presence of now in the adverbial means that the ... before, in the past,etc., this distance is as short as is allowed by the semantics and pragmatics of 290 5. The absolute use of the present perfect(a) On the up-to-now reading, the time of the full ... not ‘in the last week’.)5.32.2 A point of similarity between the up-to-now reading and the indefinitereading is that they both imply that the situation time coincides with the time of the full...

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