... Cappelle.
p. cm. − (The grammar of the English verb phrase ; v. 1)
(Topics in English linguistics ; 60 .1)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN -13 : 978-3 -11 - 018 589-8 (hardcover : ... paper)
ISBN -10 : 3 -11 - 018 589-X (hardcover : acid-free paper)
1. English language − Tense. 2. English language − Grammar.
I. Reed, Susan, 19 59− II. Cappelle, Be...
... verb forms 22
A. Tense 22
1.14 Introduction 22
1.15 The formation of the present tense 23
1.16 The formation of the past tense 23
1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24
1.18 The meanings of ... 25
1.19 Special uses of tenses 27
B. Aspect 28
1 .20 Introduction 28
1 .21 Perfective aspect 30
1 .22 Imperfective aspect 31
1 .23 Habitual aspect 33
1...
... speak of a
noun phrase (NP) (e. g.
all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase
is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the
verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14
look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the
consequenc...
... having eaten). The point is that the time of orientation
to which they relate the time of their situation does not have to be the temporal
zero-point. It is criterial of tensed forms that they encode ... consisting of the initial
letters of the terms negation, inversion, code and emphasis. The reference is to
the four cases in which the English VP requires an aux...
... about other parts of the situa-
tion or about the situation as a whole. In technical terms, what is located in
the past is not the time of the full situation but the situation time (the time of
the ... to manage to reach the addressee so quickly.
In each of the clauses in the past tense, the speaker is concerned with one particular
situation forming part of...
... Compare:
IV. More on the indefinite reading of the perfect 243
The following pair of examples also illustrates the rule that (on an indefinite
interpretation) the time of actualization of the situation ... of the recession.
244 5. The absolute use of the present perfect
Moreover, the present perfect can co-occur with the adverbials recently, lately,
just and...
... reading. The
latter is the preferred interpretation if the sentence is used out of context.)
The Johnsons have lived in London for three years now. (The presence of now in
the adverbial means that the ... before, in the past,
etc., this distance is as short as is allowed by the semantics and pragmatics of
290 5. The absolute use of the present perfect
(a) On the...
... to another time in a past
domain, the past perfect is used. This is the case irrespective of whether the
binding time is the ‘central orientation time’ (see 8.15) of the past domain or
another ... e. the situation time of said.)
The tense structure of the last example is represented by Figure 9.1.
9.1.1 The past perfect can express the same types of T-anteriority...
... Outline of the distribution of the two systems 535
II. Theoretical analysis of the Absolute Future System and the
Pseudo-t
0
-System 537
10.4 Characteristics of the two systems 537
10.5 Summary of part ... represent the time of their situation as
either T-anterior or T-posterior to the central orientation time of the domain
in question. That is, they establish...
... an instance
of another type of shift of temporal perspective: the post-present situation time
of the noun clause is treated as if it coincided with t
0
.
8
The possibility of using
the present ... orientation time
for the Pseudo-t
0
-System form.
(c) The use of the Pseudo-t
0
-System is a sign that the situations of the sub-
clause and the head clause are clo...
... choice of tem-
poral focus when using absolute tenses: the sa-
lience of the present moment in those cases in
which it is included in the time of the full situa-
tion, and the temporal focus of the ... of the more general distinction between the Pseudo-t
0
-
System and the Absolute Future System.
10.9.3 It should be noted, finally, that the past counterparts of...
... Paris.
*My father died in an accident from 1983 to 1 986.
1. Since the property of being homogeneous or heterogeneous is a property of the Adv-
time determined by the nature of the time adverbial describing ... noninclusive heterogeneous adverbials.
In part I (ϭ sections 12.5Ϫ18) we address the
compatibility of these various types of time-
specifying adverbials with th...
... focuses on the past
time of his going to the museum. The fact that this past time forms part of an
adverbially indicated period including t
0
is irrelevant to the choice of tense.)
As a further illustration, ... a present result of the bygone situation, or on some other kind of current
relevance.) The following illustrate these uses of the present perfect:
[On the...
... left the office.’) (The situation time of the until-
clause is represented as T-anterior to the Anchor time.)
I. Adverbial
before
-clauses 739
the until-clause, which specifies the end of the ... between the contextually given past orientation
time and the end of the before-clause situation but between the orientation
time and the beginning of the situation o...
... condition and
weaken the public mind. The exercise of their economic power cre-
ates dependencies that undermine public resolve. Their sheer perva-
92 THE POLITICS OF DESIGN
the terms of the law should ... communi-
94 THE POLITICS OF DESIGN
§ 3
THE POLITICS OF DESIGN
mankind. Similarly, the issue of parking, here and elsewhere, is an op-
portunity to educat...