... depressive symptoms incommunities in Japan [3,4]. To assist in detecting depression or depressive symptoms,many screening questionnaires have been developed.Some of these have 20 to 30 items, ... translatedinto Japanese and studies of the validity of the Japaneseversion have been published [17]. Because the ZSDS is nota clinical diagnostic tool, subjects with high scores are said to have ... Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan, 2Department of Epidemiology and Healthcare Research, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan and 3Office of International...