... U.K. and U.S., Sweden, Hungary and developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The concept of education as both a private and public investment and estimates of the private and ... feasibility and successful implementation of ICLs has been emphasized by many writers (Woodhall 1992, Ziderman and Albrecht 1995, Ziderman 2004, Chapman and Ryan 2002, and Johnstone 2003b). Barr and ... devolution in 1999, Scotland and Wales adopted slightly different fee regimes. In Scotland up-front fees were abolished from 2001 for Scottish and non-U.K. EU students, and deferred payment was...