... [13,47,49,50,63].Indeed, as mentioned above, several lines of evidencesuggest that TLR4 is involved in a protective effectinduced by preconditioning against ischemic braininjury [13,49,54,63]. TLR4 is involved ... of TLRs in mediating cerebralischemic injury. We also summarize evidence demonstrating that cerebral preconditioning downregulates pro-inflammatory TLR signaling, thus reducing the inflammation ... hanisms. TLR and cytokine signalingsubsequently trigger other pathways that induceimmune suppression by increasing signaling inhibitors,decoy receptors, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus,whenanotherischemiceventoccursthepresenceofinflammatory...