... their ability to act independently of each other, with their own laws, councils and bureaucracies. In the absence of asociety of states, the papacy was otherwise the appropriate arbiter of the ... failed this measure. They were small islands of containabledisruption in the tempestuous seas of other rulers. Furthermore, the Hansa119 Territorial law and the rise of the state122See generally ... 1995), pp. 5–6. Aquinas used the word ‘state’similarly in the sense of the ‘state of the people of the Jews’: Alan Harding, Medieval Law and the Foundations of the State (Oxford: Oxford University...