not a suicide pact the constitution in a time of national emergency sep 2006

... taken and so wecannot be certain that it will actually increase safety. Most safetymeasures are aimed at reducing risks rather than eliminating cer-tainties, but that doesn’t make the measures ... is a certain harm on one side of not a suicide pact [ 24 ]federal judges labor, and so by default find themselves making deci-sions in much the same way that other Americans do—by balancing the ... that national emergencies alter not the right but merely itsapplication. But it is more accurate to say that a national emergency may alter the scope of a right, and from a practical standpoint...

... there is a presentation of the language skills, the nature of speaking skills, the characteristics, the role of speaking in language teaching and learning, the approaches to teaching speaking ... who know a language are referred to as “ speakers” of that language as if speaking included all other kinds of knowing.Too many language learners “mastering the art of speaking is the single most ... improve their speaking and overall oral competency.1.3.3. The role of speaking in language teaching and learningSpeaking in a second or foreign language has often viewed as the play most demanding...

... 139ItiscommonlystatedthattheCourthasbecome‘avictimofitsownsuccess’.IntherunuptoProtocol14,numbers(ofapplications,decisions,pendingcases,judgments)wereconstantlydebated.TheimageofModernTimeswhereCharlieChaplin’shandscontinuemechanicallytotwistinthegesturewhichtheyhaverepeatedlyperformedintheprevioushourscametomymindasIwastoldofthe800letterswhicharriveddailyatStrasbourg.Howwerealltheselettershandled?Iwasshownclosetsfullofdocumentsaswellaspilesofpapersondesks.CouldtheStrasbourgstafflosetheircomposureandstarttotwitchastheysortedletters,affixedstampsandturnedtheirattentiontothenextbatchofdocuments?ThecomparisonbetweentheStrasbourgCourtandModernTimesshouldobviouslynotbepushedtoofar.TheCourtisnotthemadmachineofChaplin’sfactory.Nonetheless,despitesomereassuringsignswithintheConventionsystem,suchasthefactthattheCourthasrecommended,inrespectoftheinitialstageoftheproceedings,neithertheabolitionofthepossibilityofusinganyofthenationalofficiallanguagesrecognizedinstatesbelongingtotheCouncilofEuropenorthecreationofarequirementofbeinglegallyrepresented,67theproceduralstrainsunderwhichtheCourtfunctionsthrowintoreliefthequestionofhowitcanadequatelyrespondtotheindividualapplicantswhocomecallingatitsdoors.Thepertinenceofthisquestionishighlightedinthenextsectionthroughthediscussion ... 121120MessochoritisvGreece(Application41867/98)12April2001121TalalAsad,‘Whatdohumanrightsdo?Ananthropologicalenquiry’(2000)4TheoryandEvent27,atpara.40.122Ibid.,atpara.43.123Ibid.,atpara.57.124Ibid.,atpara.43.125‘Politicalemancipationisofcourseagreatprogress.Althoughitisnotthefinalformofhumanemancipationingeneral,itisneverthelessthefinalformofhumanemancipationinsidethepresentworldorder’:Marx,‘JewishQuestion’,at54.126Ibid.,at64.127ClaudeLefortsaysiteloquently:‘Lacritiquedel’individus’exerced’emble´edansleshorizonsd’unethe´oriedelasocie´te´ou`setrouventaboliesladimensiondupouvoiretaveccelle-ciladimensiondelaloietcelledusavoir ... learnthattherearesomeproblemsinEurope:civilproceed-ingsaretoolengthy,journalistscannotalwayssaywhattheywant,thedueprocessrightsofwhitecollardefendantsareoftennotfullyobserved.Butonthewhole,Europeisingoodshape.76ThispassagesuggeststhattheCourtisnottacklingtherealproblemswhichbesetEurope.Itsunderlyingthesiscouldbephrasedasfollows:theCourtisfulfillingitsideologicalfunctionofappearingtoprotectthehumanrightsofallwithinthejurisdictionoftheCouncilofEurope,whileinfactconcentratingontheprotec-tionoftherightsoftheprivilegedandforgettingabouteveryoneelse(whothusbecomethe‘Other’).Thelawyer-backedapplicanthasalegalissue,whichnicelyfitsthetermsoftheConvention,constructedoutofhiscase;thepoor,legallyilliterateapplicantisseenasposingaproblemofproceduralefficiency,ofhowbesttoeliminatehimfromthesystem.EversincetheCourthasstartedtofunction,thebulkofitscaselawhasconcernedArticle6oftheConvention,whichguaranteesafairtrial.Withinthiscaselaw,mostcasesconcernthefailurebynationalauthoritiestoprovideatrialwithinareasonabletime.Thefiguresareastounding.OnthebasisofthesurveyofactivitiesproducedbytheRegistryoftheCourtfortheperiodbetween1959–1990,Ihavecountedthat,outofthe272principalissueswhichwereraisedinthe235casesdecidedbytheCourtinthesethreedecades,143concernedArticle6 .Of these,58concernedlengthyproceedings.Tenyearslater,thistrendhadnotchanged.77Evenifoneputsasidethe‘lengthy’proceedingscases,Article6remainstodaytheprovisionmostoftenarguedbeforetheCourt,immediatelyfollowedbyArticle5,onthelegalityofdetention.78ItwouldberidiculoustoarguethatArticles6and5donotconcerncrucialrights.79FailurebytheCourttofindtheseArticlesapplicablecanhavedramaticconsequences;findingsofviolationofbothArticle6andArticle5canbeveryimportant.Amultitudeofexamplescouldbetakentomakethesetwopoints.Maaouiav.Francewillbereviewedtoillustratetheformer;80Sanderv.UnitedKingdom,81whichhappenstodealwithracism,thesubjectofthenextsection,toillustrate...

... Switzerland,164 the applicant was a teacher in an infant school in Geneva. When she was in her mid-twenties andalready teaching, she converted to Islam and married an Algerian national. MrsDahlab continued ... at Aydin, one case which puts the final nail in the coffin of the reception by the Court of a radical feminist agenda is surelyStubbings and Others v. United Kingdom, decided less than a year ... 215variousstrandsofthefeministcritiquewhichhavebeendiscussedinthischapterasthoughtheyexistedapartfromandperhapseveninoppositiontoeachotherarebestconceivedascomplementingeachother.OfcoursemostofthefactorswhichareinvokedinthepreviousparagraphoperatebeyondtheStrasbourgCourt.Theypermeatetheentirelegalorder.ItwouldthereforebedisingenuoustosingleouttheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsforitsfailuretohavefullytakenonboardafeministagenda.TheCourtcertainlyshouldnotbemadetobearsoleresponsibilityforrealitiesthatliebeyonditscompetenceandcontrol.Atthesametime,thereiteratedclaimbytheCourtthat‘theveryessenceof[theConvention]isrespectforhumandignityandhumanfreedom’187andtheemancipatoryappealofhumanrights,nottomentiontheclaimofneutralitybyliberalism,makeitimportanttoassesswhetherthepracticematchesthetheory.ThecaseswhichhavebeendiscussedinthischapterindicatethattherecordoftheCourtintermsofitsopennesstowomenisnotasgoodasisgenerallyassumedandastheCourtitselfprobablylikestothink.Admittedly,theCourthaspursuedtheliberalagendaofsexequality.Thisagendaalone,however,cannotensurewomen’sequalityindignityandattention.188Whiletheconceptofhumanrightsissupposedtobeuniversal,ithastraditionallyneglectedonehalfofhumanity.Itcontinuestodoso.Thisconclusionisonewithwhichvirtuallyallhumanrightsfeministscholarswouldconcur.Interestingly,however,itdoesnottendtoaffecttheirdetermina-tioninseeinghumanrightsdeliveritspromises.Mostaccepttheliberalframe-workandbelieveinhumanrights–whattheywantistheinfuriatinggapbetweenhumanrightstheoryandpracticetodisappearoratleastbereduced.Mypositionisslightlydifferent,asexplainedinthenextchapter.Notes1...

... relativismWehavealreadyseenthatHandysidev.UnitedKingdom,decidedon4November1976,23wasthefirstcasewherethedoctrineofthemarginofappreciationwasusedbytheCourt.TheappearanceofthedoctrineintherulingwaslinkedtotheobservationthatthereisnouniformconceptofmoralsinEurope.Consideringthattheabsenceofauniversalmoralityispreciselythepremiseonwhichculturalrelativismisbased,Handysidecanbeexpectedtobehighlyrelevanttoourdiscussion.Itisthereforediscussedinsomedetailinthissection.IfitispossibletoconnecttheappearanceofthedoctrineofthemarginofappreciationinHandysidewithculturalrelativism,itshouldnonethelessbesaidattheoutsetthatsuchanembodimentofculturalrelativismisanabusedratherthanagenuineformofthedoctrine.Thiswillbediscussedinthenextsection.At ... relativismWehavealreadyseenthatHandysidev.UnitedKingdom,decidedon4November1976,23wasthefirstcasewherethedoctrineofthemarginofappreciationwasusedbytheCourt.TheappearanceofthedoctrineintherulingwaslinkedtotheobservationthatthereisnouniformconceptofmoralsinEurope.Consideringthattheabsenceofauniversalmoralityispreciselythepremiseonwhichculturalrelativismisbased,Handysidecanbeexpectedtobehighlyrelevanttoourdiscussion.Itisthereforediscussedinsomedetailinthissection.IfitispossibletoconnecttheappearanceofthedoctrineofthemarginofappreciationinHandysidewithculturalrelativism,itshouldnonethelessbesaidattheoutsetthatsuchanembodimentofculturalrelativismisanabusedratherthanagenuineformofthedoctrine.Thiswillbediscussedinthenextsection.At ... Rights?93ThisparagraphappearsinArticle56oftheConventionsincetheentryintoforceofProtocol11.Forananalysisofitscurrentrelevance,seeSyme´onKaragiannis,‘Leterritoired’applicationdelaConventioneurope´ennedesdroitsdel’homme.Vaeteraetnova’(2005)61Revuetrimestrielledesdroitsdel’homme33–120,at63–9.94Para.38ofthejudgment.95Ibid.96Para.37ofthejudgment.97Paras.6and7ofthejudgment.98Para.18ofthejudgment.99Para.15ofthejudgment.100Para.31ofthejudgment.101Seealsopara.29ofCampbellandCosans:‘CorporalpunishmentistraditionalinScottishschoolsand,indeed,appearstobefavouredbyalargemajorityofparents...

... been played in international statal organizations by diplomats and bureaucrats,and their appointees, in the setting and ethos of traditional international relations.83Allott does not mince his ... Rights?theextentthattheyhavebeenenshrinedinpositivelaw.HewouldnodoubthavethoughtthatwedeludeourselvesifwebelievetherightsoftheConventiontobetheexpressionofnatural,self-evidentrights.TheconstructionoftheConvention,containingjusticiablerightsinscribedwithinasystemwherecomplaintsareheardinaverylegalisticway,mayvindicatethisview.OnepointonwhichBenthamwaswrongwastofearthatadocumentsuchastheFrenchDeclarationwouldleadto‘perpetualinsurrection’.However,thismaywellbebecausehewascorrecttodenythatrightscouldbeabovethestate .The doctrineofthemarginofappreciationandthepossibilityofderogatingfromtheConventionunderArticle15bothindicatethatstatistconsiderationsassumeapositionofchoiceundertheConvention.Indeed,somecommentatorswouldarguethathumanrightslawdoesnotmakeitpossiblefortheauthorityofthestatetobesufficientlyquestioned.ThiswouldcomeasnosurprisetoIRrealists.Thoseamongthemwhothinkthatthestateshouldnotabandonitsowninterestsinfavourofauniversalmoralitymayevenwelcomesuchaconclusion.Otherswouldsimplypointoutthatstateinterestsandpowerplayarolewhichmustbeacknowledgedratherthanignoredininternationalaffairs,includinghumanrightsinternationallaw .The Strasbourgcaselawoffersampleevidenceinsupportofthisargument,ashasbeenillustratedinthischapter.Realism,however,shouldnotbeexaminedonitsown.Itismoreusefultoconsiderhowrealismandidealism,statismandsupranationalism,areintensionwitheachother.Indeed,inthecaselaw,theCourtcanbeseenbothtoconcurwithandtostanduptothestate.Inconclusion,theConventionoffersneither‘real’nor‘imaginary’rights,butwhatcouldbereferredtoastherelativeprotec-tionofthesandbag.Notes1Thisisnottodenythattheutilitarianandrealistaspectsofhisthoughtaredirectlyrelated buttoseparatethemfordidacticpurposes.Fora utilitarianreadingoftheConvention, ... undertaken in international law(end of paragraph 1);some articles of the Convention cannot be the subject of a derogation (paragraph 2);Strasbourg must be notified of the derogation (paragraph...

... necessary or appropriate to treat homosexualpractices of the kind now in question as in themselves a matter to which the sanctions of the criminal law should apply Itcannot be maintained that there ... striking a fair balance between the interest of publicity of courtproceedings, on the one hand, and the interests of a party or a third person in maintaining the confidentiality of such data, on the ... the other hand.53On the facts of the case, the Court had no difficulty finding that the order tomaintain the medical data confidential for only ten years and the publication of the applicant’s...

... fog, a pilot must use radar, an alternative way of navigating. Since human eyes are not very good at determining speeds of approaching objects, radar can show a pilot 5 how fast nearby planes are ... sea, and for tracking weather systems and storms.” This passage is about the nature of radar. The radar can detect speed besides location of objects. Radar use radio as type of waves. Radar ... concludes with a summary of the passage. Claim/Counterclaim The claim/counterclaim pattern is an approach to incorporating argumentation into a passage, by providing a claim or assumption, and subsequently...

... (glutamate oraspartate) in transmembrane helix four as part of the ion-binding site. Therefore, the c ring of A. woodii hasonly 10 membrane-buried negative charges that areessential for binding ... binding the ion and also for the rotationalmechanism of the ring. The c ring of I. tartaricus has11 negative charges that are equally distributed along the horizontal axis of the rotor [8]. A positive ... The C-terminal helices show a clear handedness, and two of the rings face in the opposite direction in the membrane to the other two, forming the same patternas in the AFM surface representation of Fig....

... IL-1b). All animals were maintained and handledaccording to local and national ethical guidelines.Statistical analysisData are represented as means ± SD. The significance of the results was assessed ... counter (LKB, Wallac, Finland). All animals weremaintained and handled according to local and national ethical guidelines.Animal model of septic shockTwo groups, each containing 40 female NMRI mice ... time of mice undergoing LPS-induced sep- tic shock. This effect was not observed upon injection of the same amounts of ovalbumin, another serpin,used as a control, arguing against a BSA-like...