Financing energy efficiency and climate change migration a guide for investors in belarus, bulgaria, kazakhstan, the russian federation, and ukraine new york geneva, 2005

... ~~~ Financing Energy Efficiency and Climate Change Mitigation rnacroeconornic instability, inadequate tinanaal, tax, and legal systems, and a low level of comphance with the law. Due ... chapter. EBRD, not dated /a. ' BDG, not dated. Gaudenz Assenza, Mikael Brodin, and Ana Villanea12 Financing Energy Efficiency and Climate Change Mitigation increases. Measures ... datedla. Financing Enersy Efficiency and Climate Change Mitigation force. Foreign investors evaluated this document as aligned with international standards?' According to the Investment...

... uni-versal participation observed in the early governance of climate change. While India and China are certainly important players, it is not clear, given the characteristics of climate change, that ... idea became a social norm and spread through the in- ternational community, becoming locked in and taken for granted be-tween 1987 and 1990. When the climate change negotiations began in the early ... 27publication process. Finally, I want to thank Lisa Daniels, Karen McClel-land, Ammar Wasfi, and especially Atsuko Yokoburi for research assistance and Davy Banks for his work on the index. All are...

... VBARP and Vpr is specific. The input panel represents the amount of protein used in this assay indicating that anequal amount of protein was used in all our samples and that the lack of interaction ... 5¢-CTAGACTCGAGCCTAATTTATATTTGCTCCTTGTGC-3¢. b-Actin primers weredesigned as follows: forward 5¢-CTACAATGAGCTGCGTGT-3¢ and reverse 5¢-AAGGAAGGCTGGAAGAGT-3 ¢.Cell survival and apoptosis analysis For ... KHdomain. RNA analysis and blast analysis indicatedthat homologs and orthologs of VBARP exist, indica-ting the presence of VBARP in diverse phyla such asplants, yeast, and eukaryotes. These...

... difficulty in finding a textbook suitable for Hanyang graduate engineering students. Although there are many books on scientific writing skills, they are mainly designed for native speakers and usually ... Professor Yeong Mahn You, Director of the Center for Teaching and Learning, for recognizing that an innovate writing lab approach was required to help faculty and graduate students with advanced English ... materials, and online interactive materials into an integrated system to help support Hanyang graduate students, faculty, and researchers to publish internationally in English. Details on the...

... contaminated areas in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine have not provided clear and convincing evidence for a radiation-induced increase in general population mortality, and in particular, for fatalities ... this area was in the three most affected countries, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The deposition was extremely varied, as it was enhanced in areas where it was raining when the contaminated air ... resulting dispersion of radioactive material was initially unavailable to the affected people in what was then the Soviet Union and remained inadequate for years following the accident. This failure...

... study and have advised the writing of the manuscript and have revised the paper. ME has assisted in the statistical analyses and has revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the ... For each quality of life dimension, we calculated the mean and standard deviation for the self- and proxy ratings, and also the Pearson und Intra-Class correlation coefficients for the absolute ... parents answered the proxy version. Means and standard deviation for the self- and proxy ratings, and also the Pearson und Intra-Class correlation coefficients for the absolute agreement were calculated....

... francesca.DUCA@ec.europa.eu European Commission Italy Jean-Marie Rambaud jean-marie.rambaud@appa.asso.fr APPA, EFCA and IUAPPA France A. R. "Ravi" Ravishankara a. r.ravishankara@noaa.gov Earth System ... Cecilia Akselsson cecilia.akselsson@nateko.lu.se Lund University Sweden Nadine Allemand nadine.allemand@citepa.org CITEPA France Markus Amann amann@iiasa.ac.at IIASA Austria Kjell Andersson ... regional networks and intergovernmental agreements (in North America, Europe, and Asia), including financial support for Global Air Pollution Forum and new emerging regional networks (in Latin America...

... companies may see climate change adaptation as a case of up-front nancial outlays with uncertain payoff. In addition, insofar as adapting to climate change means a departure from business as ... community. WHAT IS MALADAPTATION?Caring for Climate defines maladaptation as “an action or process that increases vulnera-bility to climate change- related hazards. Maladaptive actions and processes ... 17 Climate Change Adaptation and the Private SectorAdapting to climate change at the neces-sary scale and scope requires a coordinated, multisectoral, global effort. To date, govern-ments and...

... separate forest area change due to climate change from area changes due to other factors (Lucier et al., 2009). Globally, planted forests and natural regeneration have increased the forest areas ... of climate change, land use conversion and un-sustainable land use practices will interact. Changes in water availability are considered to be a key factor for the survival and growth of many ... sustainable forest management. FAO is currently developing guidelines to assist forest managers to understand, assess and implement climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. The guidelines...

... lowerrates(typically2%to3%).Thesecountriesareusuallybetterfinancially and organisationallyequippedtorespondto the governance and infrastructurechallengesofsuchgrowth and provideservicesliketransportation,water, energy and security.2 In bothcases,publicadministrationsfaceconsiderablechallengesdue,notonlytolackofresources,butalsotolackofcapacitywhereitmattersmost,at the local the level. In the next50years,whenglobalpopulationgrowthstabilisesdueto a drasticreduction in bothbirth and deathrates, the mostdenselypopulated,populous and sociallyfragmentedoftheseurbanagglomerationswillbelocated in the developingworld.Alreadymorethanhalfof the world’spopulationnowlive in urbanareas and at the beginningofthiscentury,almostone in tenofuswasliving in oneof35megacities,20ofwhicharelocated in Asia,ten in the Americas,three in Europe and two in Africa.3Thisscenarioraisesconcerns,particularlywhenweconsider the anticipatedimpactof climate change. Climate change willrequireadaptations in the waycitiesaremanaged in ordertoensuretheymaintainlivingstandards and remainattractiveto the investment and humanresourcesnecessarytosupportsustainabledevelopment.Megacities,aswellasrapidgrowingcities in the Southaremorevulnerabletosuchimpacts and arelesswellequippedtoadapt,bothorganisationally and financially.Competitiveness ... 2 The Climate Future for Durban’programmewasundertakenfrom2004–06overthreephases.Firstly,itbeganbyreviewing and developinglocalunderstandingofglobal and regional climate change science and  the implicationsof climate change for Durban.Secondly, a ‘Headline climate change adaptationstrategy’wasdeveloped for the city,tohighlighthowkeysectorswithin the municipalityshouldbeginrespondingto the unavoidableimpactsof climate change. Thirdly the programmebegan a processofincorporating climate change impactsintolongtermcityplanning. The municipality and CSIRworkedwith the UKbasedTyndallCentre for Climate Change Researchtodevelop a modelenabling the simulation,evaluation and comparisonofstrategicurbandevelopmentplans in lightofanticipated climate change impacts.Helpingtodevelop a deeperunderstandingof the effectsofgreenhouse-gasemissions, the modelwillenablebettertechnicalassessmentofalternativestrategicapproachesto climate change mitigation and adaptation. The SDFis the underlyingdocumentthatsteers the implementationof the all the city’sspecialdevelopmentprogrammes,integratingmunicipalspatialstrategiescoveringeconomics,transport,environment and society.Byconnectingresources,expenditure and actionacross the municipalarea,itishopedthat the citywillfacilitatesustainablegrowth,whilstensuringthat the inequitable,inefficient and unsustainableconsequencesofpastdevelopmentpatternsareavoided in future.Durbanpromotes a ‘compactcity’model,advocatingincreasing the densityofinnercitydevelopmentwhilstensuring‘urbanedges’aredefinedtolimitsprawl and encouragestrongerscrutinyofanyproposedextensionofinfrastructureintoruralagriculturalland.Definingan‘urbanedge’notonlyhelpstoprotectenvironmentalassetsbutalsopreventsinefficientexpenditureoninfrastructure. The conceptindicates the boundarywithinwhichitisbothoptimal and sustainabletoprovideadditionalservices and servesas a decisionsupporttooltoensuremoreefficientpublicserviceexpenditure in the municipalarea.Animportant and significantinnovationto the SDFis the requirementthatalldevelopmentproposalsdemanding the extensionofinfrastructureinto new areas,willneedtobefilteredthroughanassessmentframeworktoensure the costeffectiveness,sustainability, and bestinterestsof the cityaremaintained. A keyrequirementof the compactcityisthatresidential,employment and recreationdevelopmentsmustbeco-located,wherepossiblethrough the developmentofmixedusezones. In thisregard, the city’slandusemanagementsystemis a crucialcomponentof the integratedspatialplanningsystem,ensuringappropriatelandusezones and controlsare in placetoimplementthesemixedusezones.Accordingly, a singlelanduseschemeframeworkisnowbeingdeveloped for  the citytoreplace the formerapartheidplanningschemeswhichwerecharacterisedbyurbansprawl,lowdensitydevelopment and fragmentationof the urbanspace.Thisschemewillhelpbegintoimprovehistoricallyunder-investedareas,whichwereformerlyexcludedfromofficialcityboundaries,bringingtheminto a landusemanagementsystemwhichensurestheirappropriate and sustainablemanagement.Aligningwith the hierarchyofplans, the singlelanduseschemewillsupportgreaterintensityofurbanlanduse and offermoreopportunity for sustainablelifestylechoices. For example,betterprovisionofinfrastructure for cycling and walking,offeringpotential for reductions in airpollution and greenhousegasemissions. In thisway and in others,anintegratedlandusemanagementsystemcanbeplay a keyrole in mitigating the city’simpactonglobal climate change. Leadership ... total population (%)27.114.414.913.516.28.724.115.7Sub-SaharanAfricaEast Asia and PacificSouthAsiaArabStatesLatinAmerica and the CaribbeanWorldChapter3 Water and sanitationaveragedifficultiesexperienced in Africa and Asia(figure1). In mostdevelopingcountries,water and sanitationcrisisisconsideredaboveall, a crisis for the poor.AlmosttwooutofthreepeoplewholackaccesstocleanwatergloballyhavetosurviveonincomesoflessthanUS$2perday,withone in threelivingonlessthanUS$1 a day.Morethan660millionpeoplewholacksanitationliveonlessthanUS$2 a day, and 385millionliveonlessthanUS$1 a day.2 In cities, the lackofwater for drinking and sanitationlargelyaffects the poorwhoareforcedtolive in settlementswherewatersupplyisintermittentorunavailable.Thisforcesmanytobuybottledwaterathighrelativecost,placingadditionalfinancialburdenonalreadylimitedincomes.2 In additiontothissituation, in the 1990s,internationalinitiativesintroducedby the WorldBank and otherintergovernmentalagenciesadvocated new formsofwatermanagementencouraginggreaterparticipationfrom the privatesector.As a consequence,socialtensions and civicmovementsemerged,opposing the privatisationofwater and the participationoftransnationalbusinesses in itsmanagement.Oneexampleis the WaterWar in Cochabamba in Bolivia,whereprotestsaroundhighcosts and inadequateserviceledtocivilunrest and demands for the privateoperatortoleave.Anothersimilarexamplecanbefound in Uruguaywherewidespreadprotestledtoparliamentpassinganamendmentto the constitutionpreventingfutureprivatesectorparticipation in the watersector.Nevertheless, the currenttrendremainstoward a greaterpresenceof the privatesector in the urbanmanagementofwater, a trendwhichisofconcerntomanycivicinitiativeswhichmaintainthatfairaccesstowatershouldbeconsidered a humanright.Patricia...