steinmetz cp on the law of hysteresis part 3

... 1894.] STEINMETZ ON HYSTERESIS, 59%Asconclusionswederivefromthischapter:1.Inanalternatingcurrentcircuitsurroundedbyiron, the currentproducedbyasine-wave of E.M.F.isnotatruesine-wave,,butisdistortedby hysteresis. 2.Thisdistortioniisexcessiveonlywithaclosedmagneticcir-cuittranisferringnoenergyintoasecondarycircuitbymutualinductance. 3. The distortedwave of currentcanbereplacedby the equiv-alentsine-wave,thatis,asine-wave of equaleffectiveintensityandequalpower,and the superposedhigherharmonic,consistingnainly of aterm of triplefrequency,canbeneglectedexceptinresonatingcircuits.4.Belowsatur-ation, the distortedcurve of currentanditsequivalentsine-wavehaveapproximately the samemaximumvaluLe.5. The angle of hystereticadvance,thatis, the phasedifferencebetweenmagnetismandequivalentsine-wave of M.M.F.isa,maximumfor the closedmagneticcircuit,anddependsthenonlyupon the magneticconstants of the iron: the permeability,aand the coefficient of hysteresis r,andupon the maximummagnetieinduction,by the equation:sinaB-6. The effect of hysteresis canberepresentedbyanadmnit-tance:Ya+j,oranimpedance:Ur-js.7. The hystereticadmittance,orimpedance,varieswith the 'magneticinduction,thatis,with the E.M.F.?etc.8. The hystereticconductancepisproportionalto the coeffici-ent of hysteresis Candto the length of the magneticcircuit1,inverseproportionalto the .4thpower of the E..F.,Lto the .6thpower of frequeneyNand of cross-section of the magnetiecircuitS,andto the 1.6thpower of the number of turns of the electriccircuitnthusexpressedby the equation:s58L,1 03 EL4jV.6AS16qib9.Tlleabsolutevalue of hystereticadmittanceev4/pt+a2ig:proportionalto the magneticreluctanee:P=Pi+Pa,andin-verseproportionaltotllefrequencyNandto ... 596STEILNETZ ON HYSTEREIST[May18,therefore,all the ironcladmagneticcircuitsconstructed of the samequality of iron,andusing the samemagneticdensity,give the sameangle of hystereticadvanee."" ;The angle of hystereticadvance,a,inaclosedcircuittrans-former,dependsupon the quality of the iron,and the mnagnleticdensityonly."" ;The sine of the angle of hystereticadvaanceequalsfourtimes the product of permeabilityandcoefficient of hysteresis, dividedby the .4thpower of the magneticdensity:sina-44u'_BAIf the magneticcircuitisnotentirelyironclad,but the mag-neticstructurecontainsair-gaps, the totalreluctanceis the sum of the ironreluctanceand the airreluctance:p=Pi+i'ahence,tlheadmittanceis:P+62b(PPVor:"Inacircuitcontainiingiron, the admnittanceis the sum of the adiimittancedueto the iron part of the circuit:ViXPi,and the admittancedueto the air part of the circuit:QJa~ Vpalif the ironandtlleairareinseriesin the magneticcircuit." The conductance,o,represents the loss of energyin the iron,and,siniceairhasnoimagnetic hysteresis, isnotchangedby the introductionl of anair-gap.Hence, the angle of hystereticadvance of plhaseis:sinaP=P,opv-Xvi+Va-VIP1+faanidisainaximnunm=°Ifor the ironceladcircuit,butdecreaseswithincreasingwidth of ... 596STEILNETZ ON HYSTEREIST[May18,therefore,all the ironcladmagneticcircuitsconstructed of the samequality of iron,andusing the samemagneticdensity,give the sameangle of hystereticadvanee."" ;The angle of hystereticadvance,a,inaclosedcircuittrans-former,dependsupon the quality of the iron,and the mnagnleticdensityonly."" ;The sine of the angle of hystereticadvaanceequalsfourtimes the product of permeabilityandcoefficient of hysteresis, dividedby the .4thpower of the magneticdensity:sina-44u'_BAIf the magneticcircuitisnotentirelyironclad,but the mag-neticstructurecontainsair-gaps, the totalreluctanceis the sum of the ironreluctanceand the airreluctance:p=Pi+i'ahence,tlheadmittanceis:P+62b(PPVor:"Inacircuitcontainiingiron, the admnittanceis the sum of the adiimittancedueto the iron part of the circuit:ViXPi,and the admittancedueto the air part of the circuit:QJa~...

... H._%obs.calc.calc.obs.400014901410-805.74670i8i8I8oo-I8-1.055I0 235 8 235 0-8 .3 576024822520+ 38 -1.5584025402580+40+71.66690 32 85 31 80-105 -3. 368oo 33 58 32 90-68-2.1686o 33 74 33 704-.1612, 430 868io+'274 +3. 6 13, 75010,00010,100+100+1.0av:± 73. 5±2.0ÆTHERFORCE 1892.]STEINAMETZ ON THE LAW OF HYSTERESIS. Exponent of power,derivedfromtests:-1.5887'1.6Coefficient of hysteresis: hence,theoreticalcurve.-=TAFrequency.N=20B.1790I990 238 02620 30 60 33 90 36 6o 37 IO46205070499059106xoo655072908050 832 08240H.obs 37 64 63 585 735 8 93 1054I2971288I182220242 034 26 93 2844 30 39 36 73 434 144IO456I=.002 438 :.002 438 -B'-,BLEII.(5)completeperiodspersecond.H.calc.4004mO0510720920I1002401250I800207020IO26202750 30 80 36 40 430 04 530 4460av:H-H.calc-obs.424 3 +35 -I5+27+46-57 -38 -22+46-24- 73 -96+4I -33 4I+120+47+6.o-*7+5-7-2.1129t4-24.6 -3. 0-1.2+2.2-I.2-2.8 -3. 5+1 .3 .9+2.7-2.2=92.7Exponent of power,derivedfromtests:x=1.60121.6Coefficient of hysteresis: §.002 434 hence,theoreticalcurve..002 434 B16Fromthese4sets of readings,weget the results:1.284readings:x_1.6111=j ... 3 distance of keeperfrommiagnet,in the firstcase:.15cmu.distance of keeperfroinmiagnet,in the secondcase:.08cm.-eachmagnetconsisting of 30 0sheetswellinsulatediron, of the thickness.0405cm.In the firstset of readinigs,considerableeddy-culrreintswerefound;in the secondset,onlyasmallamount of eddies. The mnagneticconduietivity of the ironwasnofdetermined,because the reluetance of the mnagnieticcircuitmainlyconsisted of that of the airgapbetweenmagnetandkeeper. The resultswere,B_magnetization,inlinespercn ... H.cale.obs.calc.obs.5.217 -3 22.0105140'45176i86265296 32 2 37 94459401090 .3 1 3 1.7III5I6I'2r22 35 414756691702085I8.6 23. 7'55i6I'97208 30 0 33 7 36 9 435 51412 93 5.6i6.9 23. 5122I46'57202200 30 0 35 3 38 6 430 5I41 130 1268-I+I.7+.2-6-I9+4-5+8-I6-I7+5-26-+20+ 30 + 38 -90av-+1O-I.8+I10.0+*95.0+6.I+2.62.4t4.0-4.t-4 .3 +Ir.2-4.7i-I.8+2.4_I_+27.2-24.6+ 3. 4Thereforeweget the forrnulafor the lossin the iron,I1I-.00421B'-'+.20 83 x10-NB2InFig.6areshown,851822115606706857758oo100010701 130 1250 138 3242002420ÆTHERFORCE...

... I2[F2-47]24.68 3. 185.06I24 (3) (4)LdLrILdLr+6.256. 23 6.I36.I86.oo6.II5.866.025.7I5.895.575- 73 5-425-565-275 .30 5.12+4-95[F2=+28.1i.96.06i88[Fi=28]-4-575.0I4.685.224.845 -37 5.005.505-I95.6o5 .36 5-705.525.8o5.675.865.8o-5.90.665.06178(5)-LdLr+6.256. 23 6. 13 6.i86.oo6.1I5.876.025-725.895.9595.6I5-45+5.25[F2=+47.]1.29.50.06I97TABLEXXIII. HYSTERESIS OF TOOL-STEELOh..(I)(2) (3) FLdLrLdLrLdLr+260± 23. 25+I3.25+I3.25'240I3.22I3.29 13. 22I3.19I3.22 13. 2I220I3.19 13, 10 13. 19 13. 10 13. 19 13. I7200 13. 15I3.00 13. 15 13. 0I 13. 15 13. 12i8o 13. 1012.88I3.1012.90 13. I0 13. 06I60 13. 0512.77I3.0522.80 13. 05I2.99I40I2.9912.66I3.0012.70I3.00I2.92120I2.8522.40I2.8712.4612.8812.76I00i2.6622. 03 12.68I2.22I2.6922.508oI2.42II.5022.45ii.62I2.4712.156oII.95I0 .30 12.0020.5012.02iI.6540II.007.00II.208.6oII.22II.04+209.40-I.709.804.60+io.6oo+6.707.20- .30 LF2=+ 30 .1-20I.80-I.90 -30 +224H=i06.2044-782.75L=I3.257-7451 .32 5]=o695.026 83 .02778(6)LdL,[Fi=-47-]-4- 93 5 -32 5.o85-525. 23 5. 63 5 .38 5- 73 5- 53 5.825.675.875.82-5.902.22*485.06Io31892.]649ÆTHERFORCE ... 1892.] STEINMETZ ON HYSTERESIS. 637 TESTS.I.CAST-IRON.1.OrdinaryCast-Iron.TableX.gives the magnieticcharacteristicin the firstcolumn.TABLEX.MAGNETICCHARACTERISTICS OF GRAYCAST-IRON.No.i.No.4.No7.fA1.No.8.f%Al.F..L.10.L.10.L.0.L.7.56.201.22 3. 981.926.8oI.108.20.92I05.002.00 3. 702.705.45I.846.551. 53 12.,54.202.98 3. 58 3. 494.502785>402 -31 I5 3. 94 3. 8I 3- 594.174. 13 3. 63 4.80 3. 1217-54.054 -33 3- 724. 73 4.i64.214.70 3. 73 204.685.004. 63 4.15 30 -5.740.04t5.67t5.20406.506.72116 37 11s.96s0N7.057. 23 N6.90o6.5260°7.46°7.60.7 .30 s6.97808.o6U.8. 13 W7.877.6II00t8.47+8.50+8.25+8.07250o9.I009.0008.8i°8.74[200o09.429 .31 I9.I0490.14 30 09.81S9.6069.4809-5740010.009*77.9.6699.8o500I0.129.899.789- 93] Absolutesatura-tion.io.66 ... STEINMETZ ON HYSTERESIS. [Sept.27,TABLEXX. HYSTERESIS OF TOOL-STEEL.Hh.(2) (3) (4)LdLrLdLrLdLr+5-94+5-95+5-975- 93 5.925-945- 93 5.965-955.925.855- 93 5.865-925- 93 5.915.8o5.925.8o5-945-925.905.725.915-745- 93 5.885.895.645.905.685.925-855885.525.885 .38 5.905.805.845.405.845.465.875-745-795.215.785.295.825.685.704.985.6852095-755.6o5.574.475-5D4-755.6o5. 43 5.28 3. 53 5 .33 4.225 .38 5.I84.90'.754-97 3- 355.004.824 .36 -704.472.15+4.66 3. 6o-i.86 3. 80I.00[F2+ 30 o2 .37 -2. 63 2.50*45 .30 -3. 12.40.07 I.75 -3. 5I0 -3- 76L-F245]59-0426.522.424.852972*655.07480.0 734 2.07546TABLEXXI. HYSTERESIS OF TOOL-STEELHh.0(7)(7)LdLr55.I75.I35.045.224.925-074.805.0I4.684.9I4.564-764-444.6I4 32 4-444,I64. 23 4. 03 + 3. 88[F2=+I5.2 .36 .645075605.I25.205.o65.004.904-754.604- 43 4.224.00 3- 75 3. 40 3. 002 .30 I.202I1.462-5,65.07 533 4-954-774.564 .30 4.05 3- 75 3- 33 2.902 .33 1. 73 2.20*75*45.25.10,648F+2 73 260240220200I80I6oI4012080-6048+20O-20-40I-6o- 83 HL=^r-(I)L,dLri5. 93 5.925.9I5.9I5. 83 5.905.785.895.705.885.60,5.875.455.825.285. 73 5.105.6i4.705. 43 4.IO5.202,904.80.404.10-1.90± 3. 3082.045. 93 .07 533 F+I24II101009080706o5040 30 20+Io0-40-20 -30 -4IH=L=(5)LdLr±5.I25-094.905.o64.645.004 -35 4.904.004-79 3- 404.652.604.50i.6o4 -30 .404.05-I.00 3. 80-I.90 3- 45-2-55+ 3. 1064.505.I2.074 93 (6)LdEr+5-I3ÆTHERFORCE...

... Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the polar marine environment  The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSConvention) was conceived as a framework convention ... United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.2 34 1 The LOS Convention was negotiated through eleven sessions of the Third United NationsConference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), in the period ... answer on how its provisions relate to other international norms.First, one of the Final Provisions (Part XVI) of the Convention deals gener-ally with the relation of the Convention to ‘other conventions...

... men. The samples were then frozen and stored in a stainless steel tank. In the lefthand version of the first example, the reader has no way of knowing whether the stain was in the center of the ... My objections are, first, the injustice of the measure; second, that it is unconstitutional. My objections are, first, that the measure is unjust; second, that it is unconstitutional. It ... statements in the form of a table. 20. Keep related words together. The position of the words in a sentence is the principal means of showing their relationship. Confusion and ambiguity result...

... 1906]DISCUSSIONATNEWYORK.707physicalrelationtoarationalbasis.Idiscussthispointratherfully on page285 of Vol.XX of the InstituteTRANSACTIONS.(b)InconnectionwithDr. Steinmetz& apos;sreferenceto the influence of vibration on the BandHcurve,Icalledattentiontoapaper of mine*inwhichvibrationswere,usedin the determilnation of whatIcallanormalcurve of BandH.C.P. Steinmetz (byletter):(1)Regarding the ... 1906]DLICUSSIONATNEWYORK.695zerovalue.Thatis, the harmonicssymmetricalwithregardto the electromotiveforcearenoticeableonlyat the zeropoint,asaflatteningout. The magnetismcurveatthispointishorizontal,sothat the resultantcurrentcurvemustbehorizontalalso.Thiscouldbeexpressedbystatingthat the distortion of the wave of the excitingcurrentisdue,notto the energylostin the iron,butto the magneticcharacteristicor the bending of the satura-tioncurve,andthereforeitisthiscurvewhichweshouldendeavortoconstruct, the magneticcharacteristicasitwouldbegivenbyamagneticcycle,in the absence of hysteresis loss.Thiswouldprobablygiveapproximately the higherharmonicsin the ex-citingcurvewave.Sometimein1881or1882Dr.Froehlichnoticedthat the magneticcharacteristic of the dynamomachinecouldbeap-proximatelyvrepresentedbyaparaboliccurve.Dr.Kennellyshowed,in`1891*,that the BHcurve,ormagneticcharacteristic of iron,for the highervalues,couldbeexpressedbyaparaboliccurve,an~equation of the seconddegree.Usingthisequation of aparabolafor the relationbetweenBandH,therecouldbefoundastrictlymathematicalcurve,aboutlikeBinFig.5,.whichcombinedwithasinewaverepresenting the hysteresis loss,wouldfairlycloselyrepresent the distortedwave of excitingcurrent.Indealingwith hysteresis wehavetokeepinmind the differencebetweenmagnetic hysteresis and the energylostin the iron.Ifironisexposedtoanalternatingmagneticfield, the loss of energythattakesplacein the iron,bysomeform of magnetic*MagneticReluctance,byA.E.Kennelly,TRANSACTIONSA.I.E.E.Vol.8,page485.ÆTHERFORCE ... adoublepeakcannotexist,becausewhateverrelationmayexistbetween the magnetismand the magnetizingcurrent, the currentnmustriseaslongas the magnet-ismrises;an(dtherefore the maximumpossiblevalue of the tripleharmonicisthatvaluewhich(doesnotyetgiveaA=~~~~~~~FIG2downwarclbend,buitmerelyflattens the currentwave on the risingside.Thismaximumamplitude of the thirdharmoniccan,however,beexceededifhigherharmonicsarepresent.Assumeforinstanceafifthharrnonicwhichhassuchaphaserelationastobeneo,ativeatAFig.2,andpositiveatB,andthensuperposethisfifthharmonic on the double-peakedwave;itwvillbeseenthatitcutsofif the peakandfillsup the hollow,andgivesawavTewhichrepresentsapossiblehy-steresiscvcle,asseeninFig. 3. The eiffect of the fifthharmonic,then,istopermit the existence of atripleharmonic,largerthancouldexistin the absence of the fifthlharmonic.Itisquiteprob-ablethatnotilifrequentlyin the excitingcurrentthereoccurtriple-harmonlicculrrenltshigherthan the rnaximumvaluecal-ÆTHERFORCE...

... ………………………………………………………………… 31 3. 2.2.1.VOA …………………………………………………………………………… 31 3. 2 .3. Nhan Dan ……………………………………………………………………… 35 3. 2.4.Over-lexicalization …………………………………………………………… 36 3. 2.4.1.VOA …………………………………………………………………………… 36 3. 2.4.2.Nhan ... 6. Lexicalization of the US-Japan coalition’s activities in Nhan DanTable 7. Over-lexicalization of the North Korea’s missile launches in VOATable 8. Over-lexicalization of the North Korea’s ... coalition and North Korea in Nhan DanTable 3. Negativization of North Korea’s activities in VOATable 4. Positivization of the US- Japan coalition’s activities in VOATable 5. Lexicalization of...

... Appendix 1: QUESTIONNAIRE The following questionnaire is conducted to investigate issues relating to the pronunciation of the first year students at the English Department, College of Foreign Languages, ... but the teacher taught the pronunciation of new words and corrected students’ pronunciation mistakes during the lesson. (If yes, how long approximately? )8. When you look up new words in the ... dictionary, what did you often do?a. looked at its meaning onlyb. looked at its pronunciation and meaning, then pronounced it in mindc. looked at its pronunciation and meaning, then pronounced...

... of: (1) The height of the bulk of the tongue in the mouth(2) The front/back position of the tongue in the mouth (3) The degree of lip-rounding(4) The length of vowels (Roach, 1998: 13- 14)As ... in other parts of the test if their pronunciation was not good. Therefore, actually, pronunciation accounted for more than 30 % of the test. This reflected the concern of teachers about the ... affixation. Many learners have the habit of pronounce a new-formed word according to the pronunciation of the root one. For example, they tend to pronounce the sounds of Exhibition like the sound...