... reading and math. Deficiencies in his mastery of basic addition and subtraction facts were identified. In particular, specific problems in spelling and written expres-sion were noted, and specific ... on each subtest and in the reading series was counted. The resulting score was converted to a standard score (M = 100, SD = 15), percentile, and grade equivalent, using the standardization data ... the achievement tests are designed only as samples of skills and not as direct assessments. Good and Salvia (1988) and Bell, Lentz, and Graden (1992) have provided evidence that with actual students...