... therapy
A. Mechanism of edema fluid mobilization by diuretics
Edema
Hemoconcentration
Collapse,
danger of
thrombosis
Salt and
fluid retention
Mobilization of
edema fluid
Protein molecules
Colloid
osmotic
pressure
Diuretic
EFV:
Na
+
, ... doses of acetyl-
salicylic acid.
Clofibrate and derivatives (bezafi-
brate, etofibrate, gemfibrozil) lower plas-
ma lipids by an unknown mechanism.
T...
... effective treatment, but does not
provide benefit beyond 3–5 y and is fol-
lowed by gradual loss of symptom con-
trol, on-off fluctuations, and develop-
ment of orobuccofacial and limb dyski-
nesias. ... agonists stimulate dopa-
mine receptors (D
2
, D
3
, and D
1
sub-
types), have lower clinical efficacy than
levodopa, and share its main adverse ef-
fects.
Inhibitors of monoamine oxi...
... via
unmyelinated (C-fibers, conduction ve-
locity 0.2–2.0 m/ s) and myelinated ax-
ons (A!-fibers, 5–30 m/ s). The free end-
ings of A! fibers respond to intense
pressure or heat, those of C-fibers re-
spond ... the
duration of the effect depends on the
rate of enzyme resynthesis. Further-
more, salicylate may contribute to the
effect. ASA irritates the gastric mucosa
(direct acid e...
... (B).
Effects of opioids (B). The analge-
sic effect results from actions at the lev-
el of the spinal cord (inhibition of noci-
ceptive impulse transmission) and the
brain (attenuation of impulse ... plas-
ma level with the attending risk of un-
wanted toxic effects and tolerance de-
velopment. Preferred alternatives in-
clude the use of controlled-release
preparations of morphi...
... lipophilic
domains of membrane proteins is also
conceivable. Anesthetic potency can be
expressed in terms of the minimal al-
veolar concentration (MAC) at which
50% of patients remain immobile fol-
lowing ... cate-
cholamines as antihypotensives or toco-
lytics). This effect is much less pro-
nounced with enflurane and isoflurane.
Unlike halothane, enflurane and isoflu-
rane have a musc...
... resemblance to 5-HT (p. 116),
and chemically synthesized ampheta-
mine-derived hallucinogens (4-methyl-
2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; 3,4-di-
methoxyamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-
4-ethyl amphetamine) ... to commit suicide. In-
toxication is followed by a phase of in-
tense fatigue, feelings of shame, and hu-
miliating emptiness.
The mechanism of the psychoto-
genic effect remains unclear. Som...
... hypoglycemic effect
can result from drug interactions: dis-
placement of antidiabetic drug from
plasma protein-binding sites by sulfon-
amides or acetylsalicylic acid.
Metformin, a biguanide deriva-
tive, ... of HMG
and HCG. HMG or human menopausal
gonadotropin is obtained from the urine
of postmenopausal women and is rich
in FSH activity. HCG, human chorionic
gonadotropin, from the uri...
... surfaces, may
cause infections of mucous membranes,
less frequently of the skin or internal or-
gans when natural defenses are im-
paired (immunosuppression, or damage
of microflora by broad-spectrum ... animal plasma mem-
branes. Fungi exposed to imidazole de-
rivatives stop growing (fungistatic ef-
fect) or die (fungicidal effect). The spec-
trum of affected fungi is very broad. Be-...