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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 1

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 1

... program and dataUser program and dataOperating System Address0xFFFFFFFFLimitBase0 (a) User-2 dataUser-1 dataUser programOperating System Base-2Limit-2Limit-2Limit-1Base-2Base-1(b)Limit-1Base-1 ... model in a distributed system. Banking system AirlinereservationOperating system WebbrowserCompilers Editors Application programs Hardware System programs CommandinterpreterMachine language ... MicroarchitecturePhysical devicesFig. 1-1. A computer system consists of hardware, system pro-grams, and application programs. Exp. Explicit Prefix Exp. Explicit Prefix 10 −30.001 milli 10 31,000...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 2

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 2

... of a global vari-able.Thread 1'scodeThread 2'scodeThread 1'sstackThread 2'sstackThread 1'sglobalsThread 2'sglobalsFig. 2-17. Threads can have private ... equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. ... cache(&buf, &page);} if (page not in cache(&page))read page from disk(&buf, &page);return page(&page);} (a) (b)Fig. 2-11. A rough outline of the code for Fig. 2 -10. (a) Dispatcherthread....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3

... Demonstration that the state in (a) is safe. A BC322947Free: 3 (a) A BC422947Free: 2(b) A BC44 —4297Free: 0(c) A BC4—297Free: 4(d)Has Max Has Max Has Max Has MaxFig. ... everythingHold and wait Request all resources initiallyNo preemption Take resources awayCircular wait Order resources numericallyFig. 3-14. Summary of approaches to deadlock prevention.3DEADLOCKS3.1 ... MaxFig. 3 -10. Demonstration that the state in (b) is not safe. A BCD00006Has Max547Free: 10 A BCD11246Has Max547Free: 2 A BCD12246Has Max547Free: 1 (a) (b) (c)Fig....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4

... possibilities also exist.Page faults/secNumber of page frames assigned A BFig. 4-29. Page fault rate as a function of the number of pageframes assigned.Single addressspace2320DataProgram (a) I ... vector. (b) F vector. (a) (b) (c) A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6C1C2C3 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A6 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6C1C2C3 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B0B1B2 A6 B4B5B6C1C2C3Age 10 7546394625612356Fig. ... virtualpage0Indexedby hash onvirtual pageVirtualpagePageframeFig. 4-15. Comparison of a traditional page table with an invertedpage table. (a) Page loaded firstMost recentlyloaded page0 A 3B7C8D12E14F15G18H(b)A...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 5

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 5

... the dyelayer and with a pitted aluminum layer instead of a gold layer.Polycarbonate substrate 1Polycarbonate substrate 2SemireflectivelayerSemireflectivelayerAluminumreflectorAluminumreflector0.6 ... 5-16. Layers of the I/O system and the main functions of eachlayer.Parameter IBM 360-KB floppy disk WD 18300 hard diskNumber of cylinders 40 106 01Tracks per cylinder 2 12Sectors per track 9 ... structure of a compact disc or CD-ROM.PreambleBytes 16Data2048 288ECCMode 1sector(2352 bytes)Frames of 588 bits,each containing24 data bytesSymbols of 14 bits each42 Symbols make 1 frame98...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 6

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 6

... numbers86234897422140223223160126142141 100 1101 10 1101 1000 1101 10111 1101 11 101 0 1101 10 1101 100 1101 10 1101 1101 11 1101 1101 1101 111 1101 1 0101 000111100001 1101 1 0101 11 101 1101 10 1101 111 1100 10001 1101 11101 1101 1101 1101 11 1101 11 1101 1101 1123016261234221416066421632018048242136 210 9741632148262 310 516Fig. ... utilizationData rateBlock size (bytes)Fig. 6-20. The solid curve (left-hand scale) gives the data rate of a disk. The dashed curve (right-hand scale) gives the disk spaceefficiency. All files are ... Linked list allocation using a file allocation table inmain memory.File AttributesAddress of disk block 0Address of disk block 1Address of disk block 2Address of disk block 3Address of disk...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 7

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 7

... 7-12. An example of RMS and EDF real-time scheduling. A1 A1 B1B1 A1 A2 B2 B 3A3 A4 A5 B4 A5 B1 B2B2Failed A2 B3 B40 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140Time (msec) A BCEDFRMS A2 A3 ... After waiting 3 min. (d) After starting to refill the buffer.(e) Buffer full.Video A A A T T Video A A A T T Video A A A T TFrame 3Frame 2Frame 1AudiotrackTexttrackFig. 7-17. Interleaving ... differentfor each movie. A1 A1 A1 B1B1 A2 A2 A2 A3 A3 B3 A4 A3 B3 A4 A5 B4 A5 B4 A4 A5 B1 B2B2B2B3 B40 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140Time (msec) A BCEDFRMSC1C1C1C2C2C2C3C3C3Fig....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 8

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 8

... 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(b)Machine 1 Machine 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(c)Machine ... memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(c)Machine 1 Machine 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application HardwareFig. ... usingvariable A ABSharedpageCPU 2Code usingvariable B A BNetwork A and B are unrelatedshared variables that justhappen to be on the same pageFig. 8-24. False sharing of a page containing...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 9

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 9

... (b)After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shownin gray. (a) First page(in memory)Second page(not in memory)Pageboundary A A A A A A(b)B A A A A A (c)F A A A A A Fig. ... capability.Goal ThreatData confidentiality Exposure of dataData integrity Tampering with data System availability Denial of serviceFig. 9-1. Security goals and threats.User processAll system calls ... addr(b)SPVirtual address spaceBProgram(c)SPVirtual address spaceB A s localvariablesBuffer BMain’slocalvariablesReturn addr A s localvariablesFig. 9-11. (a) Situation when the main program...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10

... parentAllocate child's stack and user areaFill child's user area from parentAllocate PID for childSet up child to share parent's textCopy page tables for data and stackSet up sharing ... Descriptions = brk(addr) Change data segment size a = mmap(addr, len, prot, flags, fd, offset) Map a file ins = unmap(addr, len) Unmap a fileFig. 10- 15. Some system calls relating to memory management.The ... an error has occurred; a and addr arememory addresses, len is a length, prot controls protection, flagsare miscellaneous bits, fd is a file descriptor, and offset is a fileoffset.Page frame3Page...
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