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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 1

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 1

... program and dataUser program and dataOperating System Address0xFFFFFFFFLimitBase0 (a) User-2 dataUser-1 dataUser programOperating System Base-2Limit-2Limit-2Limit-1Base-2Base-1(b)Limit-1Base-1 ... model in a distributed system. Banking system AirlinereservationOperating system WebbrowserCompilers Editors Application programs Hardware System programs CommandinterpreterMachine language ... MicroarchitecturePhysical devicesFig. 1-1. A computer system consists of hardware, system pro-grams, and application programs. Exp. Explicit Prefix Exp. Explicit Prefix10 3 0.001 milli 10 3 1,000...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 2

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 2

... of a global vari-able.Thread 1'scodeThread 2'scodeThread 1'sstackThread 2'sstackThread 1'sglobalsThread 2'sglobalsFig. 2-17. Threads can have private ... equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. ... cache(&buf, &page);} if (page not in cache(&page))read page from disk(&buf, &page);return page(&page);} (a) (b)Fig. 2-11. A rough outline of the code for Fig. 2-10. (a) Dispatcherthread....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3

... A BC 3 22947Free: 3 (a) A BC 3 42947Free: 1(b) A BC 3 0 ––297Free: 5(c) A BC 3 0797Free: 0(d)– A BC 3 009–Free: 7(e)Has Max Has Max Has Max Has Max Has MaxFig. ... RESOURCES 3. 2 INTRODUCTION TO DEADLOCKS 3. 3 THE OSTRICH ALGORITHM 3. 4 DEADLOCK DETECTION AND RECOVERY 3. 5 DEADLOCK AVOIDANCE 3. 6 DEADLOCK PREVENTION 3. 7 OTHER ISSUES 3. 8 RESEARCH ON DEADLOCKS 3. 9 SUMMARYtypedef ... everythingHold and wait Request all resources initiallyNo preemption Take resources awayCircular wait Order resources numericallyFig. 3- 14. Summary of approaches to deadlock prevention. 3 DEADLOCKS 3. 1...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4

... function of the number of pageframes assigned.Single addressspace2 32 0DataProgram (a) I space D space2 32 0ProgramUnused pageData(b)Fig. 4 -30 . (a) One address space. (b) Separate I and ... Computation of the page fault rate from the distancestring. (a) The C vector. (b) F vector. (a) (b) (c) A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6C1C2C3 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A6 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6C1C2C3 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B0B1B2 A6 B4B5B6C1C2C3Age107546 3 94625612 3 56Fig. ... virtualpage0Indexedby hash onvirtual pageVirtualpagePageframeFig. 4-15. Comparison of a traditional page table with an invertedpage table. (a) Page loaded firstMost recentlyloaded page0 A 3 B7C8D12E14F15G18H(b)A...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 5

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 5

... and laser (not to scale). A silver CD-ROM has a similar structure, except without the dyelayer and with a pitted aluminum layer instead of a gold layer.Polycarbonate substrate 1Polycarbonate ... driversInterrupt handlersHardwareFig. 5-16. Layers of the I/O system and the main functions of eachlayer.Parameter IBM 36 0-KB floppy disk WD 1 830 0 hard diskNumber of cylinders 40 10601Tracks per ... groovePitLand2K block of user dataFig. 5-20. Recording structure of a compact disc or CD-ROM.PreambleBytes 16Data2048 288ECCMode 1sector( 235 2 bytes)Frames of 588 bits,each containing24 data...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 6

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 6

... 16KDisk space utilization(percent)Data rate (KB/sec)Disk space utilizationData rateBlock size (bytes)Fig. 6-20. The solid curve (left-hand scale) gives the data rate of a disk. The dashed curve ... blockcontainingadditionaldisk addressesFig. 6-15. An example i-node. (a) gamesmailnewsworkattributesattributesattributesattributesData structurecontaining theattributes(b)gamesmailnewsworkFig. ... ways of handling long file names in a directory. (a) In-line. (b) In a heap.Root directoryBB B CC CCABCB? C C C A Shared fileFig. 6-18. File system containing a shared file.6FILE SYSTEMS6.1...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 7

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 7

... processes, each displaying a movie. Theframe rates and processing requirements per frame are differentfor each movie. A1 A1 A1 B1B1 A2 A2 A2 A3 A3 B3 A4 A3 B3 A4 A5 B4 A5 B4 A4 A5 B1 B2B2B2B3 B40 ... server A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C0C1C2C3C4C5C6C7D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7 (a) A0 A4 B0B4C0C4D0D4 A1 A5 B1B5C1C5D1D5 A2 A6 B2B6C2C6D2D6 A3 A7 B3B7C3C7D3D7(b) A0 A4 B3B7C2C6D1D5 A1 A5 B0B4C3C7D2D6 A2 A6 B1B5C0C4D3D7 A3 A7 B2B6C1C5D0D4(c) A0 A6 B3B4C0C7D1D6 A2 A5 B1B7C2C6D2D5 A1 A4 B2B5C3C4D3D4 A3 A7 B0B6C1C5D0D7(d)1 234 ... 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140Time (msec) A BCEDFRMSC1C1C1C2C2C2C3C3C3Fig. 7-12. An example of RMS and EDF real-time scheduling. A1 A1 B1B1 A1 A2 B2 B 3A3 A4 A5 B4 A5 B1...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 8

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 8

... procedure call. The stubs areshaded gray. (a) Machine 1 Machine 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(b)Machine ... Situation if page 10 is read only and replication is used.CPU 1Code usingvariable A ABSharedpageCPU 2Code usingvariable B A BNetwork A and B are unrelatedshared variables that justhappen ... Machine 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(c)Machine 1 Machine 2Run-time system Operating system Shared...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 9

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 9

... cryptographically-protected capability.Goal ThreatData confidentiality Exposure of dataData integrity Tampering with data System availability Denial of serviceFig. 9-1. Security goals and threats.User ... (b)After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shownin gray. (a) First page(in memory)Second page(not in memory)Pageboundary A A A A A A(b)B A A A A A (c)F A A A A A Fig. ... addr(b)SPVirtual address spaceBProgram(c)SPVirtual address spaceB A s localvariablesBuffer BMain’slocalvariablesReturn addr A s localvariablesFig. 9-11. (a) Situation when the main program...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10

... parentAllocate child's stack and user areaFill child's user area from parentAllocate PID for childSet up child to share parent's textCopy page tables for data and stackSet up sharing ... fd is a file descriptor, and offset is a fileoffset.Page frame 3 Page frame2Page frame1Page frame04 .3 BSDkernelTwo-handedclock scanscore mapMain memory Core map entryCore mapentries, ... processes can share a mapped file. System call Descriptions = brk(addr) Change data segment size a = mmap(addr, len, prot, flags, fd, offset) Map a file ins = unmap(addr, len) Unmap a fileFig....
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