... energy (1) of the system in Fig. 1 as a function of thecharging energy for various values of the number of extra electrons n in the dot;(b) the number of electrons in the dot as a function of the ... of the most significant developments in physics in recent years con-cerns mesoscopic systems, a subfield of condensed matter physics which hasachieved proper identity. The main objective of mesoscopic ... We have given a general overview of the field including top-ics such as quantum chaos, random systems and localization, quantum dots,noise and fluctuations, mesoscopic optics, quantum computation,...