... polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), divinylbenbenzene (DVB), PDMS/DVB and carboxen-PDMS (CAR-PDMS) and carbowax-DVB (CW-DVB), carboxen-PDMS-DVB (PDMS-DVB-CAR) and they are selected according to the characteristics ... (N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide), BSTFA (N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl )- trifluoracetamide), TMS (Trimethylsulfonium hydroxide solution) and MTBSTFA (N-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyl)trifluoracetamide) ... voltametry and the ion-selective methods can also be an alternative. The chromatographic methods can be applied to measure ion concentrations such as Cl - , SO4 2- , NO3 - , F - , PO4 3- , Ca2+, Na+,...