... are linearly independent (see 5.6),(v1, ,vdim V) is linearly independent. A linearly independent list ofDiagonal Matrices 89dim V vectors in V is a basis of V (see 2.17); thus (v1, ,vdim ... inject linearity into the discussion,we introduce the dot product. For x,y ∈ Rn, the dot product of xand y, denoted x ·y, is defined byx · y = x1y1+···+xnyn,where x = (x1, ,xn) and ... ,vm) is linearly inde-pendent) and thus vj∉ span(e1, ,ej−1). Hence we are not dividingby 0 in the equation above, and so ejis well defined. Dividing a vectorby its norm produces a new...