... Inthis approach, language modeling is effectively framedas density estimation: the language model’s task is todefine a distribution over the source – i.e., the possiblestrings in the language. Markov ... vocabulary, Q is a (finite) set of states,qs∈ Q is a unique start state, F ⊆ Q is a set of finalstates, E is a (finite) set of transitions, and ρ : F → Ris a function from final states to final weights. ... discrimina-tive language model using perceptron and CRF algo-rithms, we give a little more detail about the structureof D, focusing on how n-gram language models can beimplemented with finite -state techniques.3.3...