Báo cáo khoa học: "Discrete vs Continuous Rating Scales for Language Evaluation in NLP" pot

Báo cáo khoa học: "Discrete vs. Continuous Rating Scales for Language Evaluation in NLP" pot

... that continuous scales are vi-able for use in language evaluation, and offerdistinct advantages over discrete scales. 1 Background and Introduction Rating scales have been used for measuring ... Association for Computational LinguisticsDiscrete vs. Continuous Rating Scales for Language Evaluation in NLPAnja Belz Eric KowSchool of Computing, Engineering and MathematicsUniversity of BrightonBrighton ... UK{A.S.Belz,E.Y.Kow}@brighton.ac.ukAbstractStudies assessing rating scales are very com-mon in psychology and related ﬁelds, butare rare in NLP. In this paper we as-sess discrete and continuous scales used for measuring quality assessments...

Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "NATURAL VS. PRECISE CONCISE LANGUAGES FOR HUMAN OPERATION OF COMPUTERS: RESEARCH ISSUES AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES" doc

... with the impression that the computer is thinking, making a decision, repre- senting knowledge, maintaining beliefs, or understanding information I begin to worry about the future of computer ... game and begin to think about using computers for problem solving in novel ways, I believe that there will be an outpouring of dramatic innovation. 139 2.2 NATURAL LANGUAGE YIELDS INAPPROPRIATELY ... the data in an internal form incomprehensible to most humans, to make updates or transformations, and to output it in a form which humans can read easily. These systems should act in a comprehensible...

Báo cáo khoa học: "A Scalable Probabilistic Classiﬁer for Language Modeling" pdf

... Probabilistic Classiﬁer for Language ModelingJoel LangInstitute for Language, Cognition and ComputationSchool of Informatics, University of Edinburgh10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UKJ.Lang-3@sms.ed.ac.ukAbstractWe ... smooth-ing and can outperform it if sufﬁciently richfeatures are incorporated.1 IntroductionA Language Model (LM) is an important compo-nent within many natural language applications in- cluding ... (2007) for work on discriminative LMs.2 For example, using a vocabulary of 20000 words Rosen-feld (1994) trained his model on up to 40M words, howeveremploying heavy feature pruning and indicating...

Báo cáo khoa học: "Combining Statistical and Knowledge-based Spoken Language Understanding in Conditional Models" pptx

... requires joint expertise in natural language processing and speech recognition, and best practices in language engineering for every new domain. On the other hand, a statistical learning approach ... expertise in natural language processing and speech recognition, and best practices in language engineering for every new domain. In the past decade many statistical learning approaches have ... integrates a knowledge-based approach into a statistical learning framework, utilizing prior knowledge to compensate for the dearth of training data. In the ATIS evaluation (Price, 1990), this model...

Báo cáo khoa học: "A Class-Based Agreement Model for Generating Accurately Inﬂected Translations" pptx

... The inputs are a translationhypothesiseI1, an indexndistinguishing the prefixfrom the attachment, and a flag indicating if theirconcatenation is a goal hypothesis.The beam search maintains ... aggressiverecombination strategy in our phrase-based decoder. For contexts in which the LM is guaranteed to backoff (for instance, after an unseen bigram), our decodermaintains only the minimal state ... models into a self-contained component in thetranslation decoder.3 Inference during Translation DecodingScoring the agreement model as part of translationdecoding requires a novel inference...

Báo cáo khoa học: Signal peptide hydrophobicity is critical for early stages in protein export by Bacillus subtilis ppt

... chain;?, unknown cross-linking adducts;*, cross-linking adducts with E. coli L23;d, cross-linking adducts with E. coli Ffh;s, cross-linking adducts with B. subtilis Ffh;n, cross-linking ... protoplasts were used for SDS ⁄ PAGEand western blotting. In parallel, protoplasts were incuba-ted without trypsin, or in the presence of trypsin plus 1%Triton X-100.Cross-linking of in vitro synthesized ... that can insert into themembrane, helix-breaking glycine or proline residues areoften present in the middle of the hydrophobic stretch.Unlooping of this hairpin might result in the insertionof...

Báo cáo khoa học: "Phonological Constraints and Morphological Preprocessing for Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion" pot

... certainstem are either all in the training set or all in the testset. Stem overlap between training and test set onlyoccurs in compounds and derivations. If a simplerandom splitting (90% for ... another – for example,if a better way of doing stress assignment in Germanwas found. On the other hand, keeping everything in one module for strongly inter-dependent tasks (suchas determining word ... calculated.Running time for English is faster, because the av-erage number of candidate phonemes for each let-ter is lower. We measured running time (includingtraining and the actual g2p conversion in...

Báo cáo khoa học: "Analysis of Mixed Natural and Symbolic Language Input in Mathematical Dialogs" pdf

... “CONST contains no FORMULA”,(ii) “TERM contains no FORMULA”,(iii) “FORMULA contains no FORMULA”,(iv) “CONST contains no CONST 0 FORMULA”.The last reading is obtained by partitioning anentity ... the predicate contain, the lexi-con contains the following facts:contain( , )(SUBFORMULA , embedding )[’a Patient of type FORMULA is a subformula embedded within aFORMULA in the Actor relation ... enthaelt kein xA [B contains no x A] For parsing, this means that the mathematicalcontent has to be identiﬁed before it is interpretedwithin the utterance.Imprecise or informal naming Domain relationsand...

Báo cáo khoa học: "Unsupervised Learning of Dependency Structure for Language Modeling" potx

... model. 1 Introduction In recent years, many efforts have been made to utilize linguistic structure in language modeling, which for practical reasons is still dominated by trigram-based language ... instructions in the morning and submits daily reports in the evening' Though there is no doubt that syntactic dependency relations provide useful information for language modeling, the most linguistically ... framework for incorporating arbitrary knowledge sources that can be encoded as a large set of constraints, training and using ME models is extremely computationally expensive. Our working hypothesis...

Báo cáo khoa học: "A Cascaded Finite-State Parser for Syntactic Analysis of Swedish" potx

... (98,7% for the evaluation presented in table (1)). Tagging errors do not influence critically the performance of Cass-SWE 1 (cf. Voutilainen, 1998); (iv) se- mantic inheritance in the form of ... ver- bal formations. The rules allow for any number of auxiliary verbs, possible intervening adverbs, and end with a main verb or particle. A distinction is made between finite/infinite active/passive ... sion, and 93.5% recall, tested within the AVENTI- NUS 2 domain. Cass-SWE has been integrated in the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE), Cunningham et al. (1996). 3 The Grammar...

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