... (product, price, and place), freebies (promotions), and force (force of law).Hastings and Elliott (1993) use 3Es education,environment, and enforcement-in their micro levelframework. Before proceeding, ... Kotler and Levy ( 1969),Kotler and Zaltman (197 1), Rothschild ( 1979), and Shapiro ( 1973).Carrots, Sticks, and Promises / 33a good understanding of and accommodate the target'sMOAs and ... 7, and 8; and members of 4, 7, and 8may be managed by allowing them the opportunity and/ orability to share in the benefits. P7 returns to a consideration of the importance of self-interest and...