... MINIREVIEW
Collective behavior in gene regulation: Metabolic clocks
and cross-talking
Michele M. Bianchi
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University ... for a single cell over time and the
average over the statistical ensemble of individuals at a
given time coincide.
In the ergodic hypothesis, genes are generally
divided into housekeeping genes, ... (nondo...
... samples at the beginning
of RNA isolation.
The use of actin and other constitutive, maintenance
or housekeeping genes as normalizing standards is a
time-honored practice in PCR and other amplification
assays. ... prevented
from replicating and dividing with the minimal genera-
tion times. Kinetically, the yeast stochastic tissue and a
mammalian tissue such as the epithelial cells of...
... conceptual and
practical introduction into the principles of
wiring or constructing special machines for lan-
guage processing tasks instead of programming a
universal machine. Construction would in ... The diagram
includes the input and output registers, in order
to show how easily these are integrated into the
PLA design. The inputs stored during [clocksig-
nal] ~l in the...
... aglycone-binding site in the stabilization
of ES
à
and the interdependence between the binding of
aglycone and the positioning of glycone in subsite )1
are not known.
In this study, the role in the ... be of particular importance in understanding the
physiological role of b-glycosidases and in designing
inhibitors.
In addition, another important issue in understand-
ing...
... P2X
7
protein. Indeed, suppression of Caveolin-1 protein expression in
E10 cells using short hairpin RNAs resulted in a large reduction in P2X
7
protein expression. Our data demonstrate a potential interaction ... Caveolin-1 and P2X
7
distribution in control and in Caveolin-1 shRNA-transfected E10 cells.
Note the loss of colocalization of Caveolin-1 and P2X
7
in Cav-1 shRNA...
... Chaps and
150 m
M
NaCl and protease inhibitors [5 lgÆmL
)1
pepstatin
A, 5 lgÆmL
)1
aprotinin, and 1 m
M
phenylmethanesulfonyl
fluoride]) and lysed by three cycles of freezing and thawing
in liquid ... lgÆmL
)1
penicillin/streptomycin. The myocytes
were induced to differentiate into myoblasts by replacing the
medium at confluence with a fresh medium containing 2%
(v/v) fetal bovine s...
... CaM-binding
domains, and contains at least one conserved potential
CaM-binding motif [46]. Additionally, the binding of
CaM at the C-terminus and the binding of NADPH at
the extreme N-terminus ... domains are degenerate 34-amino acid
repeats forming anti-parallel a-helices known to be
involved in an array of protein–protein interactions
(generally with non-TPR proteins) [41]. Both domai...
... proteinaceous insertion machinery. Other single-
spanning proteins have also been suggested to use this
membrane integration route, including the photosys-
tem II subunits, PsbW and PsbX. In describing ... N-terminal basic region, a hydro-
phobic central core and a polar C-terminal region end-
ing in an Ala-X-Ala terminal processing site. Proteins
destined to be transported by the Tat...
... pair bound to L1 and L2.
Turning a gene into an active state from a state of
inactivation often involves binding of a single activator
molecule to its site in a repressive chromatin structure
[37]. ... have shown in this study that
trans-acting proteins are the dominant determinants
for nucleosome positioning and spacing. Several exam-
ples of nucleosome positioning due to the bindi...
... also
reflected in the profile of acyl-carnitines in blood and in
patient cells metabolizing long-chain fatty acids [27]. Not
surprisingly, the severe metabolic block results in profound
energy deficiency and ... enzyme.
Investigations of biogenesis and stability
In the late 1980s and early 1990s it was realized that the
expression and folding of many cellular proteins, incl...