... 0‐12**≥50%ofaudiencemustbechildren;**≥35%ofaudiencemustbechildren;***≥30%ofaudiencemustbechildren.****≥25%ofaudiencemustbechildren.~unlessanadultispresent.~~unlessadultspredominate.+≥35% for someshowsand≥50% for others.++11 for printmedia,otherwise12.Whichproductscanbepromoted?IntheUSAalargenumberofcompany‐promotedmodelshavebeenproposed for definingthenutritionalcriteria for foods to bemarketed to children21andasimilarproblemhasariseninEurope.Thenexttablegivesexamplesofnutrientmethods for definingfoodsassuitable for marketing to children,asproposedbysomeofthecompaniesintheEUpledge:Table2Company‐setcriteria for foodstheycanmarket to childrenCompany ... YesFurthergapsincompany‐ledself‐regulationThissectionprovidessomeexamplesofadditionalconcernsraisedduringthisinvestigation.TheexamplespicturedaretakenfromwebsitesactiveandavailableduringtheperiodJanuary‐June2011.Company‐ownedwebsitesWhilemostcompaniesacknowledgetheneed to controladvertising to childrenusingpaid‐ for advertisingonthird‐partysites,companiesdonotusuallyincludetheirownweb‐sites,whichtheyseeaseditorialratherthanadvertising.Althoughsomegovernment‐approvedcodes(e.g.theUKCAPCode)includecompany‐ownedsites,mostindustry‐wideadvertisingregulationsinEuropeancountriesdonot,andindustry‐ledpledgesgenerallydonotorareambiguousaboutwhattheyconsider‘advertising’ontheirownwebsites.Manycompaniesusetheirownsites to attractchildrenwithgames,puzzles,clubsanddownloadablegifts,orofferbrandedproductswhichchildrenmaypestertheirparents to buy.ExamplesbelowshowNesquikchildren’sgamesonacompany‐ownedsiteandanexampleofM&Mspromotions(someareasofthesiteaskiftheviewer‘sageisabove12years).10SocialnetworkingsitesThereisalsoa‘grey’areaconcerningtheusebycompaniesofthird‐partysocialnetworkingsitessuchasFacebook to promotechild‐attractiveactivitieswithfood‐relatedbranding.AnexampleoftheuseofFacebookisshownbelow:11GeneralisedbrandingCompaniesdonotusuallyincludeintheirself‐regulationanycontrolsonthebrandingofnon‐foodproductswithfood‐relatedbrandidentities.Althoughcarryingnospecificmarketingmessage,theassociativeeffectcanbeapowerfulmarketingtool.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductlikely to appeal to childrenbrandedwithanimagestronglyassociatedwithsweetenedbreakfastcereal(Kellogg’sFrosties)andlicensedbyowner for useontheproduct.12Schoolsandotherchildren’ssettingsCompaniesmayallowthemselves to marketinschoolsandotherplaceswherechildrengather.Thiscantaketheformofbrandedgoodsandequipmentortheactivepromotionofsamplesandbrandedgiftsinschoolsettings.IndirectuseofschoolssettingsmaybefoundwhenTVadvertisementsuseschoolsaslocations for filmingtheiradvertising.Theexamplebelowshowsaplayarea for childrensponsoredbyachocolatecompanyownedbyNestléinGenevaairport(whichthecompanyhassinceacknowledgediscounter to Nestlépolicies)andtheuseofclassroomsettings for TVadvertisinglocations(notinEurope).13CharacterlicensingandbrandequitycharactersAlthoughsomecompanieshaveagreed to reducetheuseoflicensedcharacters(e.g.filmtie‐inssuchasShrekandToyStory)otherscontinue to usesuchmarketingdevices.Examplesbelowshowlicensedcharactersfromfilms(Rio,Thor,KungFuPanda)used to promoteproductshighinsugarsorfats.NotethatKungFuPandaisbeingusedbyMcDonald’s,acompanythathasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.14Inaddition,mostcompaniesstillpermitthemselves to usecharacterswhichtheyownandhavedevelopedwiththeirbrands(knownasbrand‐equitycharacters),suchasQuikythebunny(Nesquik)andTonytheTiger(Frosties).OthersincludeUnileverWalls‘Maxthelion’(seepicturebelow).15ProductdesignandpackagingSelf‐regulationgenerallydoesnotincludepackagingorproductdesignandthesecanbepowerfulmarketingtools to attractpurchases.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductshaped,flavouredandtextured to appeal to childreninaboxwithatie‐ingamelaunchedbyKellogg’sonFacebookandfeaturingtheKraveKrusader(whomustovercomechallengesandobstacles to reachchocolate).26ShopdisplaysRetaildisplaysarerarelyincludedincompany‐ledself‐regulation.Aisle‐enddisplaysandcheck‐outdisplaysarepremiumsitesandcanbeamajorinfluenceonspontaneouspurchasesand,especiallyinthecaseofcheck‐outdisplays,thepurchaseofanitemforceduponaparentbychildrentakingtheproductintheirhandswhilewaitinginline.Child to childmarketingPeerrecommendationisastrongmotivatoramongchildrenandadolescents.Marketersareusinganumberofmethods for encouragingchild to childmarketing,includingpayments to youngpeople to makerecommendationsandencouragementofchildren to maketheirown26Seehttp://www.marketingweek.co.uk/sectors/food‐and‐drink/kellogg%E2%80%99s‐moves‐into‐gaming/3026796.article16promotionalmaterials for distribution,e.g.onsocialmedianetworks.Self‐regulationgenerallydoesnotcoverchild to childmarketing.Examplesbelowshowbrand‐owned,child‐attractivewebsitesaskingchildren to sendemailmessages to theirfriendsaboutthewebsite.NotethatHaribohasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.NewtechnologyMethods for marketing to childrenarerapidlyevolving,andmanyaredesigned to by‐passparentsorenhancechild to childmarketing.In2007KFC’sadvertisingagencyengineeredaTVcommercialcontaininghigh‐pitchednoiseswhichonlyyoungpeoplearelikely to hear–Ajunk‐freechildhood:Responsiblestandards for marketingfoodsandbeverages to childrenAbriefingpaperfromTheStanMarkProjectoftheInternationalAssociation for theStudyofObesityPreparedbyTimLobstein,TriinParnandAngeAikenheadStanMark ... YesFurthergapsincompany‐ledself‐regulationThissectionprovidessomeexamplesofadditionalconcernsraisedduringthisinvestigation.TheexamplespicturedaretakenfromwebsitesactiveandavailableduringtheperiodJanuary‐June2011.Company‐ownedwebsitesWhilemostcompaniesacknowledgetheneed to controladvertising to childrenusingpaid‐ for advertisingonthird‐partysites,companiesdonotusuallyincludetheirownweb‐sites,whichtheyseeaseditorialratherthanadvertising.Althoughsomegovernment‐approvedcodes(e.g.theUKCAPCode)includecompany‐ownedsites,mostindustry‐wideadvertisingregulationsinEuropeancountriesdonot,andindustry‐ledpledgesgenerallydonotorareambiguousaboutwhattheyconsider‘advertising’ontheirownwebsites.Manycompaniesusetheirownsites to attractchildrenwithgames,puzzles,clubsanddownloadablegifts,orofferbrandedproductswhichchildrenmaypestertheirparents to buy.ExamplesbelowshowNesquikchildren’sgamesonacompany‐ownedsiteandanexampleofM&Mspromotions(someareasofthesiteaskiftheviewer‘sageisabove12years).10SocialnetworkingsitesThereisalsoa‘grey’areaconcerningtheusebycompaniesofthird‐partysocialnetworkingsitessuchasFacebook to promotechild‐attractiveactivitieswithfood‐relatedbranding.AnexampleoftheuseofFacebookisshownbelow:11GeneralisedbrandingCompaniesdonotusuallyincludeintheirself‐regulationanycontrolsonthebrandingofnon‐foodproductswithfood‐relatedbrandidentities.Althoughcarryingnospecificmarketingmessage,theassociativeeffectcanbeapowerfulmarketingtool.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductlikely to appeal to childrenbrandedwithanimagestronglyassociatedwithsweetenedbreakfastcereal(Kellogg’sFrosties)andlicensedbyowner for useontheproduct.12Schoolsandotherchildren’ssettingsCompaniesmayallowthemselves to marketinschoolsandotherplaceswherechildrengather.Thiscantaketheformofbrandedgoodsandequipmentortheactivepromotionofsamplesandbrandedgiftsinschoolsettings.IndirectuseofschoolssettingsmaybefoundwhenTVadvertisementsuseschoolsaslocations for filmingtheiradvertising.Theexamplebelowshowsaplayarea for childrensponsoredbyachocolatecompanyownedbyNestléinGenevaairport(whichthecompanyhassinceacknowledgediscounter to Nestlépolicies)andtheuseofclassroomsettings for TVadvertisinglocations(notinEurope).13CharacterlicensingandbrandequitycharactersAlthoughsomecompanieshaveagreed to reducetheuseoflicensedcharacters(e.g.filmtie‐inssuchasShrekandToyStory)otherscontinue to usesuchmarketingdevices.Examplesbelowshowlicensedcharactersfromfilms(Rio,Thor,KungFuPanda)used to promoteproductshighinsugarsorfats.NotethatKungFuPandaisbeingusedbyMcDonald’s,acompanythathasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.14Inaddition,mostcompaniesstillpermitthemselves to usecharacterswhichtheyownandhavedevelopedwiththeirbrands(knownasbrand‐equitycharacters),suchasQuikythebunny(Nesquik)andTonytheTiger(Frosties).OthersincludeUnileverWalls‘Maxthelion’(seepicturebelow).15ProductdesignandpackagingSelf‐regulationgenerallydoesnotincludepackagingorproductdesignandthesecanbepowerfulmarketingtools to attractpurchases.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductshaped,flavouredandtextured to appeal to childreninaboxwithatie‐ingamelaunchedbyKellogg’sonFacebookandfeaturingtheKraveKrusader(whomustovercomechallengesandobstacles to reachchocolate).26ShopdisplaysRetaildisplaysarerarelyincludedincompany‐ledself‐regulation.Aisle‐enddisplaysandcheck‐outdisplaysarepremiumsitesandcanbeamajorinfluenceonspontaneouspurchasesand,especiallyinthecaseofcheck‐outdisplays,thepurchaseofanitemforceduponaparentbychildrentakingtheproductintheirhandswhilewaitinginline.Child to childmarketingPeerrecommendationisastrongmotivatoramongchildrenandadolescents.Marketersareusinganumberofmethods for encouragingchild to childmarketing,includingpayments to youngpeople to makerecommendationsandencouragementofchildren to maketheirown26Seehttp://www.marketingweek.co.uk/sectors/food‐and‐drink/kellogg%E2%80%99s‐moves‐into‐gaming/3026796.article16promotionalmaterials for distribution,e.g.onsocialmedianetworks.Self‐regulationgenerallydoesnotcoverchild to childmarketing.Examplesbelowshowbrand‐owned,child‐attractivewebsitesaskingchildren to sendemailmessages to theirfriendsaboutthewebsite.NotethatHaribohasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.NewtechnologyMethods for marketing to childrenarerapidlyevolving,andmanyaredesigned to by‐passparentsorenhancechild to childmarketing.In2007KFC’sadvertisingagencyengineeredaTVcommercialcontaininghigh‐pitchednoiseswhichonlyyoungpeoplearelikely to hear–Ajunk‐freechildhood:Responsiblestandards for marketingfoodsandbeverages to childrenAbriefingpaperfromTheStanMarkProjectoftheInternationalAssociation for theStudyofObesityPreparedbyTimLobstein,TriinParnandAngeAikenheadStanMark...