Livewell: a balance of healthy and sustainable food choices potx

... contain nutrient information for an extensive range of food and drinks, there is no equivalent database for GHGEs from food and drink available. The lack of standardised GHGE data was one of ... high in fat and/ or sugar’ a balance of healthy and sustainable food choices Livewell: THIS REPORT HAS BEEN PRODUCED IN COLLABORATION WITH:Climate change Conservation SustainabilityTHIS ... bread, rice, potato, pasta and other starchy food 33% meat, fish, eggs, beans and other non-dairy sources of protein 12% milk and dairy 15% food and drink high in fat and/ or sugar 8% TOTAL...

... narrow curricular offerings and modes of instruction, and potentially reduce the capacities of teachers to teach content and to use methods and materials that are incompatible with standardized ... function of curriculum change on aspects of teaching and learning by means of a change of public examinations”. 3. Similar concept terms to washback In addition to “backwash” and “washback”, ... testing and learning”. - Pearson (1998 [7]): “Public examinations influence the attitudes, behaviours, and motivation of teachers, learners, and parents, and because examinations often come at...

... envelhecimento, memória, cognição, testes neuropsicológicos.Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.Paulo Caramelli  –  Department of Internal Medicine / Faculty of Medicine / Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 / Room 246 - 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil. E-mail: caramelp@usp.brReceived 01/30/2008. Received in final form 02/19/2008. Accepted 02/19/2008.Caramelli ... 2008;2(1):42-45Memory loss is one of the most common complaints arising in consultations with elderly people, being reported by 25% to 50% of these individuals.1 However, whether these subjective memory complaints (SMC) are related to objective memory deficits or to subsequent development  of dementia, remains a matter of debate. A recent review found that SMCs are not consistently associated with current cognitive impairment, but rather are associated with a greater risk of future cognitive de-cline.2 Indeed, the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which entails an increased likelihood of conversion to dementia, demands the existence of SMCs, preferably confirmed by an informant.3High age, female gender and low educational level are generally associated with a higher prevalence of memory complaints.1 In an autopsy study, SMCs were found to be related to the presence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathol-ogy in elderly with and without dementia, suggesting that memory complaints in older persons may be a sign of self awareness of a degenerative process.4However, SMCs might also be related to depression and some personality traits, such as neuroticism.2 It is also pos-sible that these complaints vary according to the culture of the people studied. In a recent Brazilian study, Minett et al. found that subjects with and without SMCs performed similarly in a series of cognitive tests, although the former had higher scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale.5The present study aimed to further investigate this topic in a group of cognitively healthy Brazilian elderly subjects which were divided into two subgroups according to the presence of SMCs and submitted to brief cognitive tests.MethodsSixty cognitively intact elderly individuals (39 females  and 21 males), aged 69.9±6.3 years (ranging from 60 to 91 years), and with mean educational level of 8.5±5.5 years (ranging from 1 to 20 years), were included in the study. These individuals were family caregivers of demented pa-tients followed at the Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University  of Minas Gerais, in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, and also volunteers recruited from the community.Inclusion criteria were absence of neurological or psy-chiatric diseases according to a clinical interview, absence  of depression (see below), and no use of benzodiazepines, antidepressants or neuroleptics. All participants were submitted to the Mini-Mental State-Examination (MMSE)6,7 and to the Cornell scale of depression.8,9 Performance on the MMSE was adjusted for educational level and had to be greater than or equal to 21 for 1-3 years of schooling, greater than or equal to 24 for 4-7 years and greater than or equal to 26 for individuals with 8 or more years of schooling.10 Scores on the Cornell scale of depression had to be less than or equal to 7 points in order to rule out depression.8Cognitive evaluation was carried out with the follow-ing tests: the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB)11,12, digit span forward and backward and the Frontal Assess-ment Battery (FAB).13,14 The BCSB includes a memory test  of 10 simple figures and yields different scores, namely: incidental and immediate memory, learning, delayed recall  and recognition.15,16 The battery also includes a category fluency test (animals per minute) and clock drawing and has proven very sensitive in the diagnosis of mild AD.12 The FAB is a brief diagnostic instrument for the assessment of executive functions in patients with suspected frontal lobe syndrome.13All individuals were given a structured self-report memory questionnaire, the MAC-Q.17 This questionnaire was devised to assess age-related memory decline. It is composed by six questions related to memory function-ing in everyday situations (e.g., to remember a telephone number that he/she uses at least once a week) in which the subject is asked to compare and rate his/her current ability to when he/she was 40 years’ old. The total score on the MAC-Q ranges from 7 to 35, where greater scores in-dicate subjective memory loss. Scores greater than or equal to 25 have been found to be suggestive of age-associated memory impairment. Accordingly, in the present study, the individuals were divided into two groups: absence of SMCs (MAC-Q scores <25) and presence of SMCs (MAC-Q scores ≥25). The performance of the two groups on the different cognitive tests was compared.One of the authors administered the MMSE, the Cor-nell scale and the MAC-Q. Subsequently, the other inves-tigator, blinded to the subjects’ results for these three mea-sures, administered the cognitive evaluation.Descriptive analysis of the data and statistical compari-sons between the performances of the two groups on the different cognitive tests were carried out with MedCalc software. Student’s t-test was used for comparison of age, educational level and MMSE scores, as well as for the results  of the other cognitive tests (digit span, BCSB and FAB). Chi-square was employed for comparing gender distribu-tion of the two groups. Level of significance was set at 0.05. The study was approved by the Research Ethics ... 2008;2(1):42-45Memory loss is one of the most common complaints arising in consultations with elderly people, being reported by 25% to 50% of these individuals.1 However, whether these subjective memory complaints (SMC) are related to objective memory deficits or to subsequent development  of dementia, remains a matter of debate. A recent review found that SMCs are not consistently associated with current cognitive impairment, but rather are associated with a greater risk of future cognitive de-cline.2 Indeed, the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which entails an increased likelihood of conversion to dementia, demands the existence of SMCs, preferably confirmed by an informant.3High age, female gender and low educational level are generally associated with a higher prevalence of memory complaints.1 In an autopsy study, SMCs were found to be related to the presence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathol-ogy in elderly with and without dementia, suggesting that memory complaints in older persons may be a sign of self awareness of a degenerative process.4However, SMCs might also be related to depression and some personality traits, such as neuroticism.2 It is also pos-sible that these complaints vary according to the culture of the people studied. In a recent Brazilian study, Minett et al. found that subjects with and without SMCs performed similarly in a series of cognitive tests, although the former had higher scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale.5The present study aimed to further investigate this topic in a group of cognitively healthy Brazilian elderly subjects which were divided into two subgroups according to the presence of SMCs and submitted to brief cognitive tests.MethodsSixty cognitively intact elderly individuals (39 females  and 21 males), aged 69.9±6.3 years (ranging from 60 to 91 years), and with mean educational level of 8.5±5.5 years (ranging from 1 to 20 years), were included in the study. These individuals were family caregivers of demented pa-tients followed at the Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University  of Minas Gerais, in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, and also volunteers recruited from the community.Inclusion criteria were absence of neurological or psy-chiatric diseases according to a clinical interview, absence  of depression (see below), and no use of benzodiazepines, antidepressants or neuroleptics. All participants were submitted to the Mini-Mental State-Examination (MMSE)6,7 and to the Cornell scale of depression.8,9 Performance on the MMSE was adjusted for educational level and had to be greater than or equal to 21 for 1-3 years of schooling, greater than or equal to 24 for 4-7 years and greater than or equal to 26 for individuals with 8 or more years of schooling.10 Scores on the Cornell scale of depression had to be less than or equal to 7 points in order to rule out depression.8Cognitive evaluation was carried out with the follow-ing tests: the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB)11,12, digit span forward and backward and the Frontal Assess-ment Battery (FAB).13,14 The BCSB includes a memory test  of 10 simple figures and yields different scores, namely: incidental and immediate memory, learning, delayed recall  and recognition.15,16 The battery also includes a category fluency test (animals per minute) and clock drawing and has proven very sensitive in the diagnosis of mild AD.12 The FAB is a brief diagnostic instrument for the assessment of executive functions in patients with suspected frontal lobe syndrome.13All individuals were given a structured self-report memory questionnaire, the MAC-Q.17 This questionnaire was devised to assess age-related memory decline. It is composed by six questions related to memory function-ing in everyday situations (e.g., to remember a telephone number that he/she uses at least once a week) in which the subject is asked to compare and rate his/her current ability to when he/she was 40 years’ old. The total score on the MAC-Q ranges from 7 to 35, where greater scores in-dicate subjective memory loss. Scores greater than or equal to 25 have been found to be suggestive of age-associated memory impairment. Accordingly, in the present study, the individuals were divided into two groups: absence of SMCs (MAC-Q scores <25) and presence of SMCs (MAC-Q scores ≥25). The performance of the two groups on the different cognitive tests was compared.One of the authors administered the MMSE, the Cor-nell scale and the MAC-Q. Subsequently, the other inves-tigator, blinded to the subjects’ results for these three mea-sures, administered the cognitive evaluation.Descriptive analysis of the data and statistical compari-sons between the performances of the two groups on the different cognitive tests were carried out with MedCalc software. Student’s t-test was used for comparison of age, educational level and MMSE scores, as well as for the results  of the other cognitive tests (digit span, BCSB and FAB). Chi-square was employed for comparing gender distribu-tion of the two groups. Level of significance was set at 0.05. The study was approved by the Research Ethics...

... ge-netic factors of longevity, the incidence of vascular disease is much lower and onsets lat-Lipid profile variations in a group of healthy elderly and centenariansM. MALAGUARNERA, I. GIUGNO, ... mg/day intake of cholesterol. The diet was made up of 55%carbohydrates, 20% proteins and 25% fats(9% saturated fatty acids, 9% monosaturat-ed fats, 7% polyunsaturated fats). We evalu-ated: ... M.P. PANEBIANCO,G. PISTONE, F.B. TOMASELLODepartment of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics,– University of Catania (Italy)1998; 2: 75-79Number of patients Age-range (Years) Mean-age (Years)...

... exercise, maturation and pharmacotherapies. Nicola L Fazzalari (PhD) is Associate Professor, Head of Bone and Joint Research Laboratory and Chief Medical Scientist (Division of Tissue Pathology) at ... multidisciplinary approach to tissue analysis, using morphometric, molecular, biomechanical and mathematical analyses of human skeletal tissue. Kim L Bennell (PhD) is Associate Professor and Director of ... orientation and spacing of the three dimensional arrangement of osseous plates and struts that are continuous with the inner surface of the cortex. Vertically-orientated trabeculae attenuate axial...

... beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities, and habits acquired by man as a member of a society”. ♦ Relation of Culture and Language The relationship between language and culture ... Adverbial Clauses of Time + Adverbial Clauses of Place + Adverbial Clauses of Condition + Adverbial Clauses of Concession + Adverbial Clauses of Reason + Adverbial Clauses of Comparison ■ Relative ... understanding and translating these FSs to find out translated Vietnamese equivalent by translators and learners in both English and Vietnamese. This study of semantic and syntactic features of...

... stated that “fruit is the part of a plant that consists of one or more seeds and flesh, can be eaten as food and usually tastes sweet: tropical fruits such as bananas and pineapples” or a ... teaching and learning English and Vietnamese as a foreign language. 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are the semantic and syntactic features of English IsRTFs? 2. What are the semantic and ... in particular. Presenting original meaning of an idiom and learning its derivation is an effective way to teach an idiom and a potential pathway for comprehension and the probability of retention...

... 16 No Warm in Collocation (Pattern: Warm and +) Warm and A A and Warm A Warm + A English Meaning Vietnamese Meaning 1 warm and pleasant/ cheerful snug and warm cosy ấm ... follow quantitative and qualitative approach and develops in different chapters containing some basic theoretical concepts related to and semantic features of the adjective Warm and its Vietnamese ... designate a member of a class. For instance, oak is a hyponym of tree, and dog is a hyponym of animal. 2.2.1.7. Semantic field The semantic structure of vocabulary of a language can be studied...

... politeness as forms of behaviour that establish and maintain comity. That is the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony. ... CONVERSATIONAL PRINCIPLES AND CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE 2.4.1. Conversational Principles Typically there are three participants in any episode of language use: the language, the speaker, and ... in particular in English and Vietnamese as foreign languages. 1.5. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY This research is carried out in contrastive analysis of the syntactic and pragmatic features of indirect...

... Phrase-structure rules are a way to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of Transformational Grammar. Phrase structure rules are usually of ... approaches are combined to analyze the data. On one hand, the qualitative approach is used in describing and analyzing data to find out the distinctive features of Sport Headings as well as ... syntactic features of Sport Headings in English and Vietnamese online newspapers” and “make a comparison between that of ESHs and VSHs”, it is necessary to use a combination of several research...