Falls and Fall Prevention in the Elderly: Insights from Jamaica ppt

... result in a fall, helping to illustrate the pathway to falls and the contexts in which they occur. In an attempt to address the issue of fall prevention policies and interventions, the research ... Wilks, and McDonald further illuminate the situation regarding falls among the elderly in Jamaica. [15] In examining the trauma registry records of the 152 hip fracture patients presenting at the ... While the indirect and intangible costs are difficult to measure, preliminary insights into the direct cost of falls can be gained by examination of the data presented below in Table 4. The data...

... at the midline, and along the infraorbital vertical line and the zycomatic vertical line representing the sites of the first premolar and the first molar. RRR was estimated by comparing the ... inferior points of the body of mandible and the alveolar crest were measured from both sides at a 34% and 53% full mandibular body length distance from the midline, as well as in the midline from ... clinical examination. 7.3.3. Condition and classification of the decayed, filled and missing teeth Number and condition of remaining teeth were examined separately for the maxilla and the mandible....

... investmore in education in an attempt to recoup more returns from the investment. Better-educated people in return arelikely to be more productive and efficient in maintaininghealth and using ... control for the underlying confounding problem and therefore help minimize the endogeneity. The fullModel F adds in the prior health-status and health-condi-tion variables. The coefficient of inappropriate ... the different model specifications, suggesting the relative robustness and reliability of the full Model F. In specifying the full model, there was a concern about mul-ticollinearity within the...

... on falls in the elderly 41 l The multifactorial nature of falls 57 l Fracture risk factors 59 l Screening and assessing the risk of falling 60 l Screening individuals for a risk of falling ... of interventions either in reducing the number of falls and their severity, or in the reduction of risk factors. As for fall etiology*, certain interventions have benefited more wide-ly from ... if they rise in one attempt.4. Immediate standing balance: subjects rise and remain standing as described above. They receive a score of 2 only if they are steady in the immediate standing...

... W=Score3=Score1=Score5=Score3=Score3ScoringWORLDbackwards(instructionsforitem#4)Write the person’s response below the correct response.Draw lines matching the same letters in the correct response and the response given.TheselinesMUSTNOTcrosseachother.Drawonlyonelineperletter. The person’sscoreis the maximumnumberoflinesthatcanbedrawnwithoutcrossingany.Examples:=Score0Foldalongthisline and showinstructionstopersonFoldlineItem11Item9Cognitive ... Ask the patienttoplace the numberson the circlelikeaclock.Notewhether the patientusesappropriate planning in distributing the numbers properly, or whether the patient perseverates or forgets the task and continues ... 2008Nosubjectivecomplaintsofmemorydecit.Nomemorydecitevidentonclinicalinterview.Subjectivecomplaintsofmemorydecit,mostfrequently in followingareas:(a)forgettingwhereonehasplacedfamiliarobjects;(b)forgettingnamesoneformerlyknewwell.Noobjectiveevidenceofmemorydecitonclinicalinterview.Noobjectivedecits in employmentorsocialsituations.Appropriateconcernwithrespecttosymptomatology.Earliestclear-cutdecits.Manifestations in morethanoneof the followingareas:(a)patientmayhavebecomelostwhentravelingtoanunfamiliarlocation;(b)co-workersbecomeawareofpatient'srelativelypoorperformance;(c)word and namendingdecitbecomesevidenttointimates;(d)patientmayreadapassageorabook and retainrelativelylittlematerial;(e)patientmaydemonstratedecreasedfacility in rememberingnamesuponintroductiontonewpeople;(f)patientmayhavelostormisplacedanobjectofvalue;(g)concentrationdecitmaybeevidentonclinicaltesting.Objectiveevidenceofmemorydecitobtainedonlywithanintensiveinterview.Decreasedperformance in demandingemployment and socialsettings.Denialbeginstomanifest in the patient.Mildtomoderateanxietyaccompaniessymptoms.Clear-cutdecitoncarefulclinicalinterview.Decitsmanifest in followingareas:(a)decreasedknowledgeofcurrent and recentevents;(b)mayexhibitsomedecit in memoryofonespersonalhistory;(c)concentrationdecitelicitedonserialsubtractions;(d)decreasedabilitytotravel,handlenances,etc.Frequentlynodecit in followingareas:(a)orientationtotime and place;(b)recognitionoffamiliarpersons and faces;(c)abilitytotraveltofamiliarlocations.Inabilitytoperformcomplextasks.Denialisdominantdefensemechanism.Flatteningofaffect and withdrawal from challengingsituationsfrequentlyoccur.Patientcannolongersurvivewithoutsomeassistance.Patientisunableduringinterviewtorecallamajorrelevantaspectoftheircurrentlives,e.g.,anaddressortelephonenumberofmanyyears, the namesofclosefamilymembers(suchasgrandchildren), the nameof the highschoolorcollege from whichtheygraduated.Frequentlysomedisorientationtotime(date,dayofweek,season,etc.)ortoplace.Aneducatedpersonmayhavedifcultycountingback from 40by4sor from 20by2s.Personsatthisstageretainknowledgeofmanymajorfactsregardingthemselves and others.Theyinvariablyknowtheirownnames and generallyknowtheirspouse’s and children’snames.Theyrequirenoassistancewithtoileting and eating,butmayhavesomedifcultychoosing the properclothingtowear.Mayoccasionallyforget the nameof the spouseuponwhomtheyareentirelydependentforsurvival.Willbelargelyunawareofallrecentevents and experiences in theirlives.Retainsomeknowledgeoftheirpastlivesbutthisisverysketchy.Generallyunawareoftheirsurroundings, the year, the season,etc.Mayhavedifcultycounting from 10,bothbackward and, sometimes,forward.Willrequiresomeassistancewithactivitiesofdailyliving,e.g.,maybecomeincontinent,willrequiretravelassistancebutoccasionallywillbeabletotraveltofamiliarlocations.Diurnalrhythmfrequentlydisturbed.Almostalwaysrecalltheirownname.Frequentlycontinuetobeabletodistinguishfamiliar from unfamiliarpersons in theirenvironment.Personality and emotionalchangesoccur.Thesearequitevariable and include:(a)delusionalbehavior,e.g.,patientsmayaccusetheirspouseofbeinganimpostor,maytalktoimaginarygures in the environmentortotheirownreection in the mirror;(b)obsessivesymptoms,e.g.,personmaycontinuallyrepeatsimplecleaningactivities;(c)anxietysymptoms,agitation and evenpreviouslynonexistentviolentbehaviormayoccur;(d)cognitiveabulia,i.e.,lossofwillpowerbecauseanindividualcannotcarryathoughtlongenoughtodetermineapurposefulcourseofaction.Allverbalabilitiesarelostover the courseofthisstage.Frequentlythereisnospeechatall,onlyunintelligibleutterances and rareemergenceofseeminglyforgottenwords and phrases.Incontinentofurine,requiresassistancetoileting and feeding.Basicpsychomotorskills,e.g.,abilitytowalk,arelostwith the progressionofthisstage. The brainappearstonolongerbeabletotell the bodywhattodo.Generalizedrigidity and developmentalneurologicreexesarefrequentlypresent.Level...

... least two points in the middle of the map. Link points to a landmark so they can be identified. Randomly choose one of the numbers, and make that your starting point. Option 6. Locate the centre ... containing elderly people, the main source of cash income was from a pension (59%) followed by salary, farming and private business (Table 4a). Farming and private business were more important in ... occurred. Therefore these data, while interesting, do not provide direct evidence of the impact of the urban and rural environments on the risk of developing disease. What they do is indicate that the...

... mean preventing diseases and abstaining from unhealthy habits or trying to maintain the functionality of the body and mind given by nature; not only maintaining, but also promoting one’s own ... 1691-3078(39%), the rest of them – in households of several individuals. In Timisoara the majority of the elderly live in couples, the size of other households is about the same, but the proportion of the ... their community residents, than it is in Latvia.Both the elderly in Dumbravita and those in Jelgava feel well in their homes, and they like their apartments or houses. In Jelgava 73% of the...

... retired from the study, 66 because they died and 36 because of other causes. The participants were interviewed and given a dental examination at their institutions in a room guarantee-ing acceptable ... part of a longitudinal study (the main study) on a population consisting of institutionalised peo-ple aged 52–102 living in the Province of Granada, Spain. Data was collected from April 2009 ... levels (independent, some help needed and dependent). Their medical histories were checked for obtaining data on entry to institutions and the medicines being used. A doctor estimated the number...

... original portrait of the Chinese elderly, and their need for ceaseless toil. Income was also the main factor highlighted by Costa (1998) in explaining trends towards earlier retirement in the ... the marginal utility of relaxing the life-time budget constraint (8). The main innovation in moving from the static to dynamic model is that (i) we no longer take non-labor asset income as ... Baker, Deri, and Stabile (2002), find that the measurement error bias outweighs the “justification bias”, and their work points to the value of using instrumental variables in this setting. Panel...

... burning and tingling of the hands and feet (parasthesia), dementia, glossitis and chelosis. Low vitamin B12 is also an independent risk factor in developing venous thromboembolic disease in ... reducing readmission by more than 29%.4,5 Malnutrition is closely linked with recurrent falls and fractures, lost independence requiring support and care, poor wound healing, and an increase in ... and malnutrition in the elderly The shared role of GPs and APDsGemma Sampson BNutrDiet(Hons), is a clinical dietician, Aged Care and Rehab, Balmain Hospital, New South Wales.Reprinted from...