... air pollution and health studies fix the effects of air pollution tobe constant over time, and model long-term trends and temporal correlation in the health data using a smooth function of calendar ... 1,3,5 and 7) and a value of 1 represents no effect of air pollution. (a) - Constant effectsTable 3 shows the estimated relative risks from models 1, 3, 5 and 7, which forcethe effects of air pollution ... the Department of Health, Department of the Environment, Food and 17Rural Affairs, Health and Safety Executive, Scottish Executive, National Assembly of Wales, and Northern Ireland Assembly, who...