... F and G into Eq. 3.17 yields Eqs. 3.23 and 3.24: d F = - S dT- p dV- T dSir,., (3.23) dG =- S dT + V dp- T dSi,. r. (3.24) For an irreversible process in an isothermal system at constant ... substance is then given by Eq. 10.20: e = h - h 0- To (s- So), (10.20) which is in the same form as Eq. 10.13 for a high temperature substance. With low temperature substances (h- h0)<0 and ... U(S,V,~), H I-l(S,p,~), F- b-(T, V, ~), and G G(T, p, ~) are called the thermodynamic potentials for the characteristic variables S and V; S and p; T and V; and T and p; respectively. An irreversible...