African History: A Very Short Introduction docx

... into African affairs isapparent in the anti-slave trade campaign. British ships had carriedthe largest proportion of Africans across the Atlantic in the 18thcentury, slave-grown Caribbean sugar ... is a massive plateau of ancient rocks, elevated towards theeast but dominated by a series of vast alluvial flatlands. Like Africa’s11The idea of Africarocks, its soils are ancient – and many, ... huge Indian Ocean island of Madagascar as part ofAfrica – although both, as is also conventional, have very little tosay about it.Other scholars argue for the inclusion of the diaspora, insisting...

... Petit-Palais, France.Photo © Giraudon/BridgemanArt Library3 Michael Bakunin 74 Peter Kropotkin 95 Zapatista billboard,Chiapas, Mexico 17© Daniel Aguilar/Reuters6 Emiliano Zapata andPancho ... government.The anarchist press re-emerged in Germany after Hitler, in Italyafter Mussolini, in Spain after Franco, in Portugal after Salazar, inArgentina after the generals, and in Russia after 70 years ... (Zapatista Army ofNational Liberation) is Mexico’s modern incarnation of Zapata’scampaign, as is, for example, the MST (Movement of LandlessRural Workers) in Brazil. Both of these are campaigns...

... PeriodCenozoicMesozoicPalaeozoicPrecambrianProterozoicArchaeanHadeanTertiaryQuaternaryNeogenePalaeogeneCretaceousJurassicTriassicPermianCarboniferousDevonianSilurianOrdovicianCambrianPennsylvanianMississippian3. ... causingearthquakes and volcanoes, and raising a chain of mountainsfrom the Appalachians, across Ireland and Germany, to Poland.Much of Europe and North America lay around the Carboniferousequator, and ... over a span of perhaps 10 million years. Equally, theanalyst can select, say, twenty species across all of life – a human, a 10 Introduction shark, a mollusc, a tree, a fern, a bacterium – and...

... parents can afford to be egalitarian. In contrast,Becky’s household can always afford enough food. Her parentsallocate food equally every day – again, allowing for differences innutritional ... duecare has been taken by insurees against bad outcomes (protectionagainst moral hazard). By being able to take advantage of the Lawof Large Numbers, markets and the government, taken together,are ... equal. There is evidence that this is so, both in theIndian sub-continent and in sub-Saharan Africa.The ratio of females to males in sub-Saharan Africa is 102 to 100,which means the female–male...

... VonNeumann’s toy model abstracts all such complications away.Alice and Bob are each dealt a number between 0 and 1. Both aimto maximize their average dollar earnings on the assumption that90Informationall ... in launching an angry attackon Alice after she has treated him unfairly. His behaviour mightthen easily be dismissed as irrational by observers who fail tonotice that he isn’t necessarily acting ... capableof sustaining high levels of reciprocal altruism? How wouldhumans be capable of the same feat if we always had to spend halfan hour or more calculating what to do before taking any action?Some...