... reading and writing and facilitate student learning.Langer and Applebee (1986) discuss instructional scaffolding as an especiallyeffective model for planning and analyzing instruction in reading ... biggerpicture, and articulate what they were doing in taking a cognitive strategies approach to reading and writing instruction for ELLs and why:My seven years of participation in the Pathway Project have ... AND LAND A Cognitive Strategies Approach to Reading and Writing 299 A UGUST, D., & HAKUTA, K. (EDS.). (1997).Improving schooling for language- minoritychildren: A research agenda. Washington,...