... remainvacantaftertheirpurchase.65OnreturningfromavisittotheUSinthelate1920’s,Hayekforetoldadeepslump.Onbeingtoldthiswasimpossible,becauseUSpriceswereessentialstable,Hayekapparentlyrespondedthatthiswaspreciselytheevidence of anunderlyingproblem.Increasesinproductivityshouldhavebeenpushingpricesdown,butcreditexpansionwasholdingthembackup.66Ineffect,savingswouldproveinadequatetopurchaseall of thegoods and servicesprovidedbytheincreasedinvestmentgeneratedartificiallybycreditreceivedfromthebankingsystem.67AmongtheAME’s,onlyGermany,Switzerland and Japanfailedtoreflectthesedevelopments.Inpart,thiswasbecauseallthreecountrieswerestillrecoveringfromtheirown,earlier,housepricebubbles.68SuchconcernshavebeenexpressedinthevariouscountryreviewsorganizedbytheEconomic and DevelopmentReviewCommittee of theOECD.Australia,NewZealand,Canada,theScandinaviancountries and anumber of othersallseemtobeexposedinthisregard. Federal Reserve Bank ... health of financial institutions and the functioning of financial markets, threaten the “independence” of central banks, and can encourage imprudent behavior on the part of governments. None of ... longertermproblemsforanimportantpart of thefinancialsector.1) Banks and shadowbankinginthecreditupswingThe mainstay of traditional banking is to borrow short and lend long. With policy rates lowrelativeto...