THE FIRST BANK OF THE UNITED STATES - A CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF CENTRAL BANKING pdf

... 179 1-1 811 period of the First Bank s 20-year charter were in eect acting in some ways as central bankers would act today.19 Because the First Bank also functioned as a commercial bank and ... deliver much-needed capital to A Chapter in the History of Central Banking The First Bank of the United States 2that such an institution could issue paper money (also called banknotes or ... blank. The Library Company of Philadelphia. The First Bank of the United States 4 Bank Operations The Bank of the United States, now commonly referred to as the First Bank, opened for business...

... ConnaughtLaboratories, Inc., for licensure in the United States. This vaccine was transferred from a strain that was maintained at the University of Montreal (Montreal, Canada).Vaccine EfficacyReported ... scarcity of available data concern-ing the protective efficacy afforded by both BCG vaccination of adults and the type of vaccine strain administered precluded the inclusion of these factors as covariates ... BCG vaccination in the United States included consideration of the wide range of vaccine efficacies deter-mined by clinical trials and estimated in case-control studies. Two recent meta-analyses...

... changes inaugurated. The panic of 1857 was caused by over-activity in trade speculation, and over -banking, and the tariff of the same year was really passed to help avert the panic threatening. ... raw materials at the advanced prices, pay themselves the accustomed or increased profits, and then possibly pay the laborer a small advance in wages. The advance did not compensate for increased ... change followed practical panic in this instance rather than practical panic tariff change. The high protective war tariffs, beginning in 1860, and increased for war purposes and granted largely...

... guidelines. Two organizations in particular have issued broad regulations pertaining to medical mar-keting: the American Medical Association (“AMA”) and the Pharma-ceutical Research and Manufacturers ... decade, gather-ing dust and never being analyzed.”87 To obtain the records, research-ers had to travel to the Minnesota Board of Pharmacy’s office in Minneapolis and photocopy each form at a ... modest andreasonable as determined by the Commissioner.(ii) A paid speaker presenting or otherwise partici-pating in the training event must have received sub-stantial training regarding the...

... OPPORTUNITY29.Plaintiffsadoptandreallege!!1through28 of thisComplaintandincorporatethembyreferenceas~29 of CountI.30. The EqualCreditOpportunityAct,15U.S.C.§1691(1976),makesitunlawfulforanycreditortodiscriminateagainstanyapplicantwithrespecttoanyaspect of a credittransactionon the basis of race.section1691e of thisActallows a civilactiontobebroughtbyanypersondamagedunder the Act.31.DefendantrefusedtoapprovePlaintiffs'loanapplications.becausePlaintiffsareAfrican-American.Defendanthas,therefore,discriminatedagainstPlaintiffson the basis of theirraceorcolor, in violation of the EqualCreditopportunityAct,15U.S.C.,§1691,et~32.As a directandproximateresult of Defendant'sunlawfuldiscriminationagainstPlaintiffs,PlaintiffshavesUffered,andcontinuetosuffer,greatembarrassment,humiliationandemotionaldistress.733.Plaintiffspossessedadequateincomeandassetsandhadadequatecr~dit history toqualifyfor the loansrequested, the valueand/or the e~itytheyhad in theirpropertiesweresufficienttosupport the loans,andDefendantwasaware of thosefacts.34.Defendant'sdiscriminationagainstPlaintiffswasintentionalandwillful.WHEREFORE,eachPlaintiffasksjUdgmentagainstDefendantfor: (a) Actualdamages in anamounttobeprovedattrial;(b)Compensatorydamages in anamounttobeprovedattrial;(c)Punitivedamages,notexceeding the lesser of $500,000oronepercentum of the networth of the Defendant;(d)Appropriateinjunctiverelief;(e)Reasonableattorneys'fees·andcosts of suit;and(f)Furtherreliefasthiscourtdeemsjustandproper.COUNTIIFAIRHOUSINGACT35.Plaintiffsadoptandreallege~~1through28 of thisComplaintandincorporatethembyreferenceas~35 of CountII.36.Thisclaimisbroughtunder the FairHousingAct,42U.S.C.§§3601,et~section3613 (a) (1) (A) of thisActallows a civilactiontobebroughtbyanypersondamaged.under the Act.sections3605 (a) and(b)(1)providesthatitshallbeunlawfulforanypersonorentitywhosebusinessincludesengaging in residentialreal-estate-relatedtransactionsto8 ... OPPORTUNITY29.Plaintiffsadoptandreallege!!1through28 of thisComplaintandincorporatethembyreferenceas~29 of CountI.30. The EqualCreditOpportunityAct,15U.S.C.§1691(1976),makesitunlawfulforanycreditortodiscriminateagainstanyapplicantwithrespecttoanyaspect of a credittransactionon the basis of race.section1691e of thisActallows a civilactiontobebroughtbyanypersondamagedunder the Act.31.DefendantrefusedtoapprovePlaintiffs'loanapplications.becausePlaintiffsareAfrican-American.Defendanthas,therefore,discriminatedagainstPlaintiffson the basis of theirraceorcolor, in violation of the EqualCreditopportunityAct,15U.S.C.,§1691,et~32.As a directandproximateresult of Defendant'sunlawfuldiscriminationagainstPlaintiffs,PlaintiffshavesUffered,andcontinuetosuffer,greatembarrassment,humiliationandemotionaldistress.733.Plaintiffspossessedadequateincomeandassetsandhadadequatecr~dit history toqualifyfor the loansrequested, the valueand/or the e~itytheyhad in theirpropertiesweresufficienttosupport the loans,andDefendantwasaware of thosefacts.34.Defendant'sdiscriminationagainstPlaintiffswasintentionalandwillful.WHEREFORE,eachPlaintiffasksjUdgmentagainstDefendantfor: (a) Actualdamages in anamounttobeprovedattrial;(b)Compensatorydamages in anamounttobeprovedattrial;(c)Punitivedamages,notexceeding the lesser of $500,000oronepercentum of the networth of the Defendant;(d)Appropriateinjunctiverelief;(e)Reasonableattorneys'fees·andcosts of suit;and(f)Furtherreliefasthiscourtdeemsjustandproper.COUNTIIFAIRHOUSINGACT35.Plaintiffsadoptandreallege~~1through28 of thisComplaintandincorporatethembyreferenceas~35 of CountII.36.Thisclaimisbroughtunder the FairHousingAct,42U.S.C.§§3601,et~section3613 (a) (1) (A) of thisActallows a civilactiontobebroughtbyanypersondamaged.under the Act.sections3605 (a) and(b)(1)providesthatitshallbeunlawfulforanypersonorentitywhosebusinessincludesengaging in residentialreal-estate-relatedtransactionsto8 ... TelefaxNo.DanaCarreraNo.94C4094JUdgecastilloPlaintiffsDefendant.vs.SelmaS.BUYCKS-ROBERSON,)ReneeBROOKSandCalvinROBERSON)onbehalf of themselvesand)otherssimilarlysituated,))))))))))))CITIBANKFEDERALSAVINGS BANK, IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICTCOURTFOR THE NORTHERNDISTRICT OF ILLINOISEASTERNDIVISIONSECONDAMENDEDCOMPLAINTPlaintiffsSelmaS.Buycks-Roberson,ReneeBrooksandCalvinR.Roberson,onbehalf of themselvesandotherssimilarlysituated,byandthroughtheirattorneys,makethisSecondAmendedComplaintagainstDefendant,citibankFederalSavings Bank ("Citibank").NATURE OF THE ACTION1.Thisis a civilactionbroughtbySelmaS.Buycks-Roberson,ReneeBrooksandCalvinR.Robersononbehalf of themselvesandallotherAfrican-Americanswhosehomeloanapplicationstocitibankoriginatedfrom the Chicagometropolitanareaandwhoseapplicationswererejectedbecause of theirraceorcolororbecause of the racialcomposition of the neighborhood in whichtheirpropertieswerelocated.Thisactionseeksinjunctivereliefandmonetarydamagesforviolations of 42u.S.C.§§1981and1982;42U.S.C.§3605and15U.S.C.§169l (a) .JURISDICTIONANDVENUE2.Jurisdiction of thiscourtarisesunder28U.S.C.§1343 (a) (4),42U.S.C.§3613 (a) (1) (A) and15U.S.C.§1691e(f).3.Venueisproper in the NorthernDistrict of Illinoissincesome of the actsandtransactionscomplained of occurred in thisdistrict. THE PARTIES4.PlaintiffSelmaS.Buycks-RobersonisanAfrican-Americancitizen of the united States whoresides in Broadview,Illinois.5.PlaintiffReneeBrooksisanAfrican-Americancitizen of the united States whoresides in Chicago,Illinois.6.PlaintiffCalvinR.RobersonisanAfrican-Americancitizen of the united States whoresides in Chicago,Illinois.7.Defendantcitibankis a federalsavings bank thatoffersresidentialmortgageloans("homeloans").CLASSACTIONSALLEGATIONS8. (a) Plaintiffsarecitibankhomeloanapplicants;theybringthisactiononbehalf of themselvesandallotherAfrican-Americanhomeloanapplicantssimilarlysituated.Thisactionisbroughtas a classactionpursuanttoRule23(b)(2)andRule23(b)(3) of the FederalRules of CivilProcedure.(b) The classconsists of allAfrican-AmericanswhofiledapplicationsforhomeloanstocitibankandwererejectedonorafterJuly6,1992becausetheyareAfrican-Americanand/or2because the racialcomposition of the neighborhoods in whichtheirpropertieswerelocatedwaspredominantlyAfrican-American.(c) The classissonumerousthatjoinder of allpersonsisimpracticable.PlaintiffsareinformedandbelievethatmanyhomeloanapplicationstoDefendantbyAfrican-Americanswereillegallyrejected.Oninformationandbelief,Defendantrejected the homeloanapplications of manydozens of African-Americanapplicantsbecause of theirraceorcolor,and/orbecause of the racialcomposition of the neighborhoods in whichtheirpropertieswerelocated.(d)Plaintiffswillfairlyandadequatelyprotect the interests of allclassmembers,astheyaremembers of the classandtheirclaimsaretypical of the claims of allclassmembers.Plaintiffsareincensedby the treatmenttheyhavereceivedandwillaggressivelypursuetheiraswellas the class'sinterests.Plaintiffs'interests in obtaininginjunctivereliefandmonetarydamagesfor the violations of the above-mentionedfederalstatutesareconsistentwithandnotantagonistictothose of anypersonwithin the class.(e) The commonquestions of lawandfactinclude:(i)whetherDefendanthad a policy,practiceorproceduretorejecthomeloanapplicationson the basis of the applicants'raceoron the basis of the racialcomposition of the neighborhoods in whichtheirpropertieswerelocated;(ii)whether the conductallegedhereinis in violation of Title42U.S.C.§§1981and1982;42U.S.C.§3605and15U.S.C.3§1691 (a) ;and(iii)whetherPlaintiffsareentitledtoanaward of actual,compensatoryorpunitivedamages.(f) The wrongfulconductallegedhereinhasbeentakengenerallyagainstallmembers of the class in thatAfrican-Americanhomeloanapplicantshavehadtheirloanapplicationsrejectedon the basis of theirraceorcolor,orbecause of the racialcomposition of the neighborhoods in whichtheirpropertieswerelocated,orboth,pursuantto the policies,practicesorprocedures of Defendant.(g) The commonquestions of factandlawpredominateoverquestionsaffectingonlyindividualclassmembers.(h) A classactionissuperiortootheravailablemethodsfor the fairandefficientadjudication of the controversy in that:(i) a mUltiplicity of suitswithconsequentburdenon the courtsandDefendantshouldbeavoided;and(ii)itwouldbeundulyburdensomeforallclassmemberstointerveneasparties-plaintiffs in thisaction. THE FACTSMs.Buycks-Roberson9.OnoraboutApril4,1992,PlaintiffSelmaBuycks-Robersonappliedfor a homeloan of approximately$43,700fromcitibank.10. The purpose of the loanwastorefinanceanexistingmortgage of approximately$43,500onMs.Buycks-Roberson'shome,locatedat2057South25thAvenue in Broadview,Illinois.11. The propertythatMs.Buycks-Robersonattemptedtorefinanceislocated in a neighborhood in which the African-4Americanrepresentationisgrowingandcurrentlyconstitutesoverfiftypercent(50%) of thatneighborhood'spopulation.12.Ms.Buycks-Robersonprovidedtocitibankextensivefinancialdocumentationconcerningherfinancialabilityand the property,includingdocumentsshowingannualincome of over$47,000.13.OnoraboutApril28,1992,Ms.Buycks-RobersonreceivedfromDefendantcitibank a letterthatinformedherthathermortgageloanapplicationhadbeendeniedbecause of delinquentcreditobligationsandotheradversecredit.14.OnJune19,1992,Ms.'Buycks-Robersonreappliedfor the homeloan,andagainprovidedtocitibankextensivefinancial.documentationconcerningherannualincome,financialabilityandadditionalinformationconcerninghercreditworthiness.15.OnorafterJuly10,1992,Ms.Buycks-Robersonreceivedfromcitibank a letterthatinformedherthathermortgageloanapplicationhadbeendeniedbecauseher"income[did]notsupport the amount of creditrequested."16.Ms.Buycks-Robersonwasqualifiedtoreceive the loanshesoughtfromcitibank.Ms.Brooks17.OnoraboutNovember25,1993,PlaintiffReneeBrooksappliedfor a homeloan of approximately$95,000fromcitibank.18.Ms.BrooksprovidedCitibankwithalldocumentationthatCitibankrequired.519. The purpose of the loanwastorefinanceanexistingmortgage of approximately$95,000onMs.Brooks'scondominium,locatedat5000SouthCornellStreet in Chicago,Illinois.20. The propertythatMs.Brooksattemptedtorefinanceislocated in a neighborhood in whichthereis a significantAfrican-Americanpopulation.21.OnoraboutMarch8,1994,Ms.Brooks'sapplicationfor a homeloanwasdeniedon the groundsthatshehadinadequatecollateral,andon the groundsthatshehadsubmittedanincompleteapplication.22.Ms.Brookswasqualifiedtoreceive the homeloanshesoughtfrom'citibank.Mr.Roberson23.OnoraboutJuly9,1993,PlaintiffCalvinRobersonappliedfor a homeloan of approximately$43,000fromcitibank.24. The purpose of the loanwastorefinanceanexistingmortgage of approximately$43,000onMr.Roberson'shome,locatedat2847West85thStreet in Chicago,Illinois.25. The propertywhichMr.Robersonattemptedtorefinanceisloc~ted in a neighborhood in which the African-Americanrepresentationisgrowing.26.Mr.Robersonprovidedcitibankwithalldocumentationthatcitibankrequested,includingdocumentsshowinganannualincome of approximately$69,000fromhismanagementpositionatAT&T,and the equity in hishomevaluedatapproximately$75,000.Mr.Robersonalsoprovided"documentationshowingadditionalliquidassetswell in excess of the amount of the loanrequested.6Mr.Roberson'sincomewasmorethansufficienttoenablehimtomeethiscreditobligations.27.'OnoraboutJuly9,1993,Mr.Robersonreceived a letterfrom'citibank,denyinghisapplicationforrefinancingon the groundsthatitwas"incomplete,"andon the groundsthatDefendantcitibankdidnot"makethistype of loan.".28.Mr.Robersonwasqualifiedtoreceive the loanhesoughtfromcitibank.COUNTIEQUALCREDIT...

... concentrated in Texas, as well as Mid-Atlantic and New England states including Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Texas is arguably ... Alabama-grown switchgrass, co-fired in a utility-owned coal-fired power plant. Participating customers must subscribe for a minimum of one year. City of Alameda—Since 1999, Alameda Power and ... to a large number of relatively inactive programs and the introduction of new programs. Programs that have been in existence for at least four years have an average participation rate of 1.8%....

... actively traded for compliance purposes. At least a few other states (North Carolina and Illinois) have opened dockets or are gathering input on ESC trading for their consideration within an ... participation rates 13 NREL obtained consumer response data for about 60% of utility green pricing programs in 2007, including all of the major programs. The remaining programs, which are ... programs, although solar, in particular, may be used to supply a small fraction of kWh-sales. Wind energy represents the largest portion of the total capacity. In 2006, sales of renewable energy...

... public interest. As in many businesses, programs must balance investing in consumer education, expanding program participation, keeping participation affordable, and maintaining standards for ... participate. As a result, marketing costs could increase again in the later years of a program. The question of program marketing expenditures inevitably leads to broader issues of program ... Hiring and training staff and call center representatives • Conducting market research • Developing a business plan and designing the program • Establishing a brand and building product awareness...

... pricing programs and received data for about 60% of programs in 2009, including all of the major programs. The remaining programs, which are smaller in size, do not have a large impact on overall ... sensitivity and rapid changes in offerings, and therefore estimates of the competitive market are more uncertain. 4 Green power market data for previous years are available in Bird et al. (2009), ... green power marketing activities and trends in the United States. First, aggregate green power sales data for all voluntary purchase markets across the United States is presented. The next three...