URBAN AVANT-GARDES ART, ARCHITECTURE AND CHANGE ppt

... nineteenth and twentieth centuries; and the second is to comment on recent and contemporary practices. These aredifficult to categorise but exist between art, architecture and the processes of urban ... publicrealm and its furnishing with signs of social ordering and disordering. BetweenChapters 1 and 5 the fields of art, architecture and theory are examined.Between Chapters 5 and 9 a number ... reflectively, but in activelyshaping the agendas of future urban development and change. The agendas areshaped already by contexts such as climate change and globalisation, yet itseems important that criticism...

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... as the teacher reads in phrases.Both on land and at sea, helicopters have rescued many people. Helicopters can move invery small spaces, and they can land almost anywhere. In addition, they can ... styles of clothes. Theyput on new clothes and stand in front of cameras. Picturesof models appear in newspapers and in magazines. Peoplesee the pictures and want to buy the clothes. Fashionmodels ... relationships between times and tenses in English. It is intendedfor beginning and intermediate level language students in non-English speaking countries,as a reinforcement and addition to their...

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... protecting and increasing green areas and parks in St. Petersburg, Russia. ©VictorRadziun46Megacities and Climate Change 47Chapter4 Land use and urban planningWaste and climate change arecloselylinked.InIndia,60%oftotaldisposablewasteisorganic,whichcanrapidlydecompose, and releasemethanegasduringtheprocess.Moreover,itisrecognisedthatrecyclingresultsinreducingtheneedforrawmaterials.Incasessuchasaluminum,recyclingplaysanimportantrolebyreducingtheamountofenergyrequiredforitsproduction and alsoeventuallyreducegreenhousegasemissions.6Wastepickers,whoarenotrecognisedasformalstakeholdersbytherecyclingsector,undertakebothrecycling and extensiverepair/reuse,makingtheirinclusioninanywastemanagementplanessential.Someestimatessuggestthatapproximately1%ofthe urban populationinthedevelopingworldisengagedinrecycling.Manyofthemarepoorminorities,migratingfromtheruralregions,whereecological and economiccollapseisunderway.Therefore,theirinclusioninsuchplansisessentialbothfromanenvironmental and povertyalleviationpointofview.Leadership ... volcanoes and mountain ridges. ©PaoloRosselli–Courtesyof Urban Age,LondonSchoolofEconomics,www .urban- age.net42Megacities and Climate Change 43Chapter4 Land use and urban planningamendmenttotheLocalGovernmentTransitionAct.4ThetimingofthelegislativerequirementthatalltransitionallocalcouncilsprepareanIDPissignificant,as1996wastheyearwhentheattentionofthenewAfricanNationalCongress(ANC)ledgovernmentshiftedawayfromthereconstructionofnational and provincialgovernmenttowardsthecreationofanewsystemoflocalgovernment.eThekwini’sIDPisadocumentproducedthroughthecoordinatedeffort and outputsofthecity’smanydifferentsectors.Moreimportantly,itisdevelopedinconsultationwithothergovernment and civilsocietypartners and arangeofdifferentstakeholdergroupsrepresenting:Business;Labour;Women’sgroups;PeoplewithDisabilities(PWD’s);Wardcommittees;Amakhosi(traditionalleadership);Non-governmentalorganisations(NGOs);Faithbasedorganisations(FBOs);Provincial,National and Parastatalorganisations.Transdisciplinaryteamsaredrawntogethertoworkonprojectswith urban plannersattheforefrontleadingtheprocessbydrawingonamixtureofstrategicplanning and transdisciplinarytrainingbackgrounds.Inahistoricalcontext,thisisasignificantshiftforaplacewherethemajorityofthepopulationusedtobeexcludedfromthecityonpurelyracialgrounds.Thisapproachseekstobreakdowntraditionaldisciplinaryboundaries and involvemanyofthepeople and organisationswhoareabletocontributeto,orarelikelytobeaffectedbytheplan and encouragesastrongersenseofownership and integrationacrossthecity.Integratedspatialplanning,landuse and climate change areallidentifiedasstrategicfocusareaswithintheIDP,therebyreflectingtheirsignificanceatthehighestlevelofcitystrategyinthemunicipality.WithinthecontextoftheSouthAfricanIDP,development and investmentchoicesareguidedbyaSpatialDevelopmentFramework(SDF).Atthenextleveldown,SpatialDevelopmentPlans(SDPs)coverspecificregionsofthemunicipalareaingreaterdetailwithLocalAreaPlans(LAPs)providingguidanceatdistrictlevel.Case ... possibleSocialmobilisationhasbeensupportedthroughthecollectiveleadershipofanindigenouswomen’smovement.Thewomenhavedemandedmoreequitableaccesstodrinkingwater,alongwithcompensationfordamagecausedby30yearsofhavingtheirwatersupplydiminishedtofeedthegrowingthirstofMexicoCity.Theyhavealsobeendemandingbetterecologicalprotectionofthebasinthroughtheregenerationofforestswhicharethemainwaterrechargeareas.DespitetheeffortsoftheMazahuawomen’smovementwhohaveproposedtheimplementationofaprogramforsustainableregionaldevelopment,economicsupportprovidedbytheStatehasbeenminimal.Thislackofsupportislargelyduetotheabsenceofapolicyforcompensation and alackofaformalsystemforvaluingtheecosystemservicesprovidedbysupplyingwaterfromindigenouspeople’sterritory.InarecentWorldBankevaluationofpublicpoliciesinindigenousregions,theMazahuaregionwasreportedtohavereceivedUS$5perinhabitant,peryear,fordrinkingwater and sanitationinfrastructure,anamountthatisinsufficientforsolvingthecurrentproblems.10Facedwithlackofrecognitionforthehumanrighttowater and theabsenceofapolicyforcompensatingtheMazahuaregionforthebenefitsithasprovidedtoMexicoCity,themovementturnedtotheLatinAmericanWaterTribunalwhichwhilstnotlegallybinding,isanethicstribunalestablishedtoresolvewaterconflicts and supportenvironmental and humanrights.DuringthefirstsessionoftheTribunalin2006,representativesoftheMazahuawomen’smovementpresentedtheircase,documentinghowhumanrightshadbeenviolatedbyfederal and stategovernmentsintheCutzamalasystem.Membersofthejury11analysedthecase and reachedafinalverdictemphasisingtheneedtorespectthehumanrighttowater and recommendingthecancellationofprojectexpansionsoftheCutzamalasystem and theawardingofcompensationtoindigenousinhabitantsforthedamagesincurredbythetransferofwatertoMexicoCity.ThisverdictlendsstrongsupporttotheMazahua’sproposalsforenvironmentaljustice,mayassistfuturenegotiations and drawswiderinternationalattentiontotheirworseningsituation.Case study 1 L a n d u s e and Urban Planning440Megacities and Climate Change 41Chapter4 Land use and urban planninghectaresoffarmlandweretransformedintotowns and citiesduring1972–1992 and intheUSAaround400,000hectaresoffarmlandarelosttourbanisationeveryyear.3Clearlythistrendisunsustainable and thedesiretosatiatehumanwants and lifestylesinthisway and atthisrateisfarexceedingthewiseuseofnaturalresources.Ifwearetomanagelandusedevelopmentmoresustainably,itisessentialthatwebetterunderstandthekeydriversforlanduse change. Reasonsunderlyingchangesinland-useareoftenover-simplified and asaconsequenceprovideaflawedbasisforenvironmental and developmentpolicy.Itisnotalwayspopulationorpovertyalonethatdriveslandusechangesbutoftenhowacommunityrespondstoeconomicopportunities and howsuchresponsesaremediatedbyvariousinstitutionalfactors.Somedriversoperateondifferentspatial and temporalscales, and thismakestheirassessment and managementmorepractically and politicallycomplex.ForexampleinacountrylikeSouthAfrica,wherethemajorityofthepopulationhavelongbeendeprivedofaccess and rightstoland,changingconceptsofsocialjusticehavebecomeastrongdriverwhichcouldhavesignificantimplicationsforfuturechangesinlanduse.However,whileopportunities and constraintsfornewlandusearecreatedbylocalaswellasnationalmarkets and policies,itisoftenglobalforceswhichbecomethemaindeterminantsastheyamplifyorattenuatelocalfactors.Landdegradationproblemsaredirectlyrelatedtolandusepractices,especiallywherecityboundarieshaveextendedinto urban sprawltoaccommodatenewhousingdevelopment,industry, and intensiveagriculturalpractices.Thereforeacallforinnovativelandusemanagement and spatialplanningsystemsisparamounttoreversetheunwise and unsustainableuseoflandresources.Bharati...

... (1990).El-Rewini, H. and Lewis, T. G. Distributed and Parallel Computing, Manning and PrenticeHall, 1998.Flynn, M. Computer Architecture: Pipelined and Parallel Processor Design, Jones and Bar-tlett, ... Architecture, June 1983, pp. 124–131.Hennessy, J. and Patterson, D. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, MorganKaufmann, 1990.Hwang, K. and Briggs, F. A. Computer Architecture and ... contents of the caches and memory and the state of cache blocksafter each of the above operations in the following cases: (1) write-through and write-invalidate and (2) write-back and write-invalidate.8....