Women and Violence (Women’s Health Issues Paper No 4) potx

... __________________________________________________________________________________________ Women and Violence. Women s Health Issues Paper No. 4, December 2009 Page 19 © Women s Health Victoria Violence has a long lasting impact on the physical and mental health and wellbeing ... Women and Violence (Women s Health Issues Paper No. 4) Compiled by: Trish Bolton, Andrea Main and Pam Rugkhla © Women s Health Victoria Level 1, 123 ... __________________________________________________________________________________________ Women and Violence. Women s Health Issues Paper No. 4, December 2009 Page 12 © Women s Health Victoria 5.5 Women in samesex relationships Although violence against women is predominantly...

... strengthening and expanding essential health services for women, improving policies, and promoting more positive attitudes and behavior towards women& apos;s health. 6IMPROVING WOMEN& apos;S HEALTH: ... and non-governmental organizations expand health services to the poorest women, especially reproductive health services.Communication programs are also needed to inform poor women and ... countries. Because social, economic, and cultural factors influence women& apos;s health and well being, the paper also recommends policy reforms and education and communication programs...

... of Young Women and Elderly Women PATRICIA A. HAGEMAN and DANIEL J. BLANKE The purpose of our study was to describe and compare free-speed gait patterns of healthy young women with healthy ... should not expect the same gait training rehabilitation potential for both young women and elderly women because differences exist between the gait characteristics of healthy young women and healthy ... characteristics of healthy young women and healthy elderly women are necessary be-cause gait training is a major portion of geriatric physical therapy rehabilitation and because women constitute...

... lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease; Hepatitis B: liver carcinoma; and HHV8 and HIV: Kaposi's sarcoma)RISK FACTORSRISK FACTORSCarcinogenic Agents identified as Risk FactorsCarcinogenic ... Children's Health and the EnvironmentWHO Training Package for the Health SectorWorld Health Organizationwww.who.int/ceh<<NOTE TO USER: Please add details of the date, time, place and sponsorship ... 10Children and CancerChildren and CancerRaphael, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCCHILDREN ARE NOT LITTLE ADULTSCHILDREN ARE NOT LITTLE ADULTS1. Different and unique exposures2....

... gender relations and violence with reproductive health and HIV: rationale, effectiveness and gapsARTICLE Interventions linking gender relations and violence with reproductive health and HIV: rationale, ... RH and HIV/AIDS outcomes only and do not challengemen’s gender norms (Kim et al, 1996; Bujra and Baylies, 2000; Blanc, 2001), st and thedanger of unintentionally reducing women sautonomy ... gender relations and violence with reproductive health and HIV: rationale, effectiveness and gapsdoing, and share experiences and lessons learntin successful strategies. Our understanding of the...

... Austria Germany Sweden Belgium Italy Switzerland Denmark Netherlands UK Finland Norway France Spain 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 ... Public Health Outcomes Frameworkstop ...  ‘Geng it right for children and young people’ ...

... on Women s Health and Domestic Violence vi Violence against women is a universal phenomenon that persists in all countries of the world, and the perpetrators of that violence are often well known ... study on women s health and domestic violence against women : initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women s responses / authors: Claudia García-Moreno [et al.]1. Domestic violence ... on Women s Health and Domestic Violence against Women: study protocol. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004. 9. Krug EG et al. eds. World report on violence and health. Geneva, World Health...

... for Women s and Children’s Health Analysing Commitments to Advance the Global Strategy for Women s and Children’s Health2 0Figure 4.1: Estimated annual funding gap for women s and children’s health ... strengthening planning and budgeting to implement national health plans and service and interventions for women and children. This approach identifies key gaps and barriers on the demand and supply side ... user fees) and systems and service-delivery commitments (e.g. training additional health workers and expanding and refurbishing health clinics) is not yet determined and, more importantly,...

... 1995CharacteristicNumber of women in thousands1Percent who douche regularlyTotal2HispanicNon-HispanicwhiteNon-Hispanicblack Total2HispanicNon-HispanicwhiteNon-HispanicblackAll women 60,201 ... 101AppendixDefinitionsofTermsThisappendixdefinesanumberoftechnicaltermsusedinthisreport.Thetermsarelistedinalphabeticalorder.SomeofthedefinitionsusedirectquotationsfromtheNSFGquestionnaire;thoseareshowninquotationmarksanditalics.Forconvenienceinwriting,thewomenwhowereinterviewedintheNSFGaresometimesreferredtoas‘‘respondents’’inthisappendix.ToassistusersoftheNSFGpublic-usecomputerdatafile,theshortvariablenamefromthedatafile(upto8characters)isalsoshowninthedefinition.(Forexample,AGEAPR1,forAgeonApril1,1995;andHIEDUC,forEducationatinterview,etc.)AdditionaldetailsontheprecisespecificationsofsomeofthevariablesaregiveninAppendix1theUser’sGuidetotheNSFGpublic-usedatafiledocumentation.Additionalbirthsexpected—TherecodeADDEXPindicatesthenumberofchildrenawomanexpectstogivebirthtointhefuture,includingacurrentpregnancyifapplicable.Womenwhoweresterileorwhoweremarriedtosterilemenwereclassifiedasexpectingzeroadditionalbirths.Thosephysicallyabletohavebirthswereaskedwhetherthey,andtheircurrenthusbandorpartnerifapplicable,intendedtohaveanybabiesinthefuture ,and, ifso,howmany.Womenwhodidnotknowwhethertheyintendedtohaveanyfuturebirths,orwhodidnotknowaparticularnumbertheyintendedtohave,wereaskedforthesmallestandlargestnumberstheyexpectedtohave.Theestimateofadditionalbirthsexpectedinthosecasesisanaverageofthesmallestandlargestnumbersgiven.Ageatbirth—TheAGEPREGrecodegivesthewoman’sageincompletedyears(forexample,2200–2299equalsage22)atthetimewheneachofherpregnanciesended.TheOUTCOMErecodeindicatestheprimaryoutcomeofeachpregnancy,assigningpriorityinthefollowingorder:livebirth,abortion,stillbirth,miscarriage,andectopicpregnancy.‘‘Ageatbirth’’asshowninthisreport’stablesisdefinedasAGEPREGwhenOUTCOMEequals‘‘livebirth.’’Thecategoriestypicallypresentedare:lessthan20years,20–24years,25–29years ,and3 0–44years.Ageatconception—TheAGECONrecode,‘‘ageattimeofconception,’’isusedinsometablesconcerningcontraceptivemethoduseandintendednessofpregnancies.Foreachcompletedpregnancy,AGECONisdefinedastherespondent’sageincompletedyearsattheapproximatetimewhenherpregnancywasconceived,regardlessofpregnancyoutcome.Ageatfirstmarriageandyearoffirstmarriage—TheFMAR1AGErecodegivesthewoman’sageincompletedyearsatfirstformal(legal)marriage.YearoffirstmarriageisbasedontheMARDAT01recode,whichgivesthedateincenturymonthsofawoman’sfirstformalmarriage.Ageatfirstsexualintercourse—Threedifferentdefinitionsofageatfirstintercourseareusedinthisreport:+Ageatfirstintercourseever(recode=VRY1STAG)+Ageatfirstintercourseaftermenarche+Ageatfirstvoluntaryintercourse(recode=VOL1AGE)Formostrespondents,thevaluesofthesevariablesarethesamebuttheymaydifferifherfirstintercoursewasbeforemenarcheorifitwasnotvoluntary.Allthreemeasuresarebasedprimarilyonaquestionasking:‘‘Thinkingabouttheveryfirsttimeinyourlifethatyouhadsexualintercoursewithaman,howoldwereyou?’’Todeterminethesecondandthirdmeasures,otherinformationisused:theMENARCHRrecode,whichspecifiesherageatfirstmenstrualperiod ,and itemsthatcapturewhetherthefirstintercoursewasvoluntaryornonvoluntary(seedefinitionofNonvoluntaryfirstsexualintercourse).VRY1STAG(ageatfirstintercourseever)isusedintables2 1and2 6–31.Intables26–31,itisusedasanindependentorpredictorvariablewhennumberofsexualpartnersisusedasthedependentvariable.‘‘Ageatfirstintercourseaftermenarche’’isusedasthedependentvariableintable20.VOL1AGE(ageatfirstvoluntaryintercourse)isusedintables2 3and2 4asanindependent(orpredictor)variable.(Consult1995NSFGPublicUseFileDocumentation,User’sGuide,Appendix1,forprecisespecificationsforthesemeasures.)Ageatinterview—Inthisreport,‘‘ageatinterview’’(recode=AGEAPR1)isclassifiedbasedontherespondent’sageasofApril1,1995,theestimatedmidpointoftheinterviewingperiod.Samplewomenwereeligibleforthe1995NSFGiftheywere15–44yearsofageonApril1,1995—thatis,iftheywerebornbetweenApril1,1950 ,and March31,1980.Exactageattimeofinterviewisalsointhedatafile(recode=AGER),butmaynotbeequaltoAGEAPR1inallcases.Ageoffirstpartner—Eachrespondentwhoeverhadvoluntary(vaginal)sexualintercoursewithamalepartnerwasaskedtheageincompletedyearsofherfirstvoluntarypartneratthetimeherfirstintercourseoccurred.Theword‘‘voluntary’’wasonlyusedinquestiontextwhentherespondenthadpreviouslyreportedthatherfirstintercoursewasnotvoluntary.Ageofyoungestchild/ageofchild—The‘‘ageoftheyoungestchild’’or‘‘ageofchild’’ispresentedintablesonchildcarearrangements.Agewasascertainedfromthehouseholdroster,whichcollectedtheage(inyears,ormonthsifunderoneyear),relationshiptotherespondent,andsexofeverymemberoftherespondent’shousehold.Householdmemberswhowerethewoman’snaturalchild,stepchild,orpartner’schildandwhowereunder13yearsofage,werethechildrenreferencedinthechildcareseries.Theageoftheyoungestsuchchildwasclassifiedas‘‘under5years’’or‘‘5–12years’’inthetables.Amountpaidperweekforchildcare—ThiswasascertainedfromaquestionaskingaboutthetotalchildcarepaymentforallchildrenunderagePage102[Series23 ,No. 1913, ... 111Uptofourracialgroupscouldbechosen.Respondentswhoidentifiedthemselveswithmorethanoneracialgroupwereaskedtoselectonegroupthat‘‘bestdescribes’’them,andtheRACErecodereflectedthisresponse.Becauseoflimitedsamplesize,Asian,PacificIslander,Alaskannative ,and AmericanIndianwomenwerecombinedandpresentedinthisreportas‘‘Non-Hispanicother’’races.+Comparisonwithbirthcertificatedata—Thedataintable6ofthisreportshowthatfortheyears1991–94,theNSFGestimatesofthenumberofbirthsareveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotals,bothoverall,forindividualyears ,and forbirthstowhitewomen.TheNSFGestimatesaresomewhatlowerforblackwomenandsomewhathigherforwomenof‘‘other’’racesthanthebirthcertificatedata.Thesedifferenceslargely(withinsamplingerror)canceleachotherout.Butthedataintable6suggestthatsomewomenwhoreportthattheyareof‘‘other’’races(AsianorPacificIslander,orAmericanIndianorAlaskannative)inasurveyliketheNSFGmaybeclassifiedaswhiteorblackbyathirdpartyfillingoutabirthcertificate.Inaddition,somewomenwhoidentifywithmorethanoneracialgroupmayidentifythemselvesprimarilywithaparticulargroup,butathirdpartymaynotchoosethatracialgroupifaskedtoclassifythembyrace.Theseissuesdonotappeartoaffectthecomparabilityofthetotalnumberofbirthsbyyearorothercharacteristics,whichshowverygoodagreementbetweentheNSFGandtheregisteredbirths.+InterpretationofdatabyraceandHispanicorigin—DataareshownbyraceandHispanicorigininthetablesbecauseNCHSisfrequentlyaskedtoprovidedataseparatelyforwhite,black,andHispanic women. Raceisassociatedwithanumberofindicatorsofsocialandeconomicstatus.Measuresofsocioeconomicstatus(forexample,educationandincome)arenotalwaysavailableforthepointintimewhentheeventbeingstudiedoccurred.Whilecharacteristicssuchaseducationandincomecanchangeovertime,raceandethnicitydonotchangesotheycanbeusedatallpointsintimeasproxiesforsocioeconomicstatus.Differencesamongwhite,black,andHispanicwomeninthephenomenapresentedinthetablesprimarilyreflectthelowerincomeandeducationallevelsofblackandHispanicwomen,theirmorelimitedaccesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance,thecommunitiesinwhichtheylive,andotherfactors(seereference14,tables49,53,81,173).Forsomerecentanalysesofdifferencesinbirthratesbyraceandorigin,seereferences1,15,40 ,and4 1.ReasonsforHIVtest—Allrespondentswhoreportedthattheyhadeverhadtheirbloodtestedforhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thevirusthatcausesAIDS,wereaskedthereasonsfortheirmostrecenttest.Theresponselistwasasfollows:+forahospitalizationorsurgicalprocedure+toapplyforhealthorlifeinsurance+becauseyouwerepregnantorbecauseitwaspartofprenatalcare+justtofindoutifyouwereinfected+becauseofareferralbyadoctor+otherreason(specify)Table86showsthepercentscitingspecificreasons,withthepercentsaddingtomorethan100becausesomewomengavemorethanonereasonfortheirHIVtest.Reasonsforsterilizingoperations—Table54showsreasonsreportedfortuballigations,hysterectomies ,and vasectomies.Foreachofhersterilizingoperations,therespondentwasasked:‘‘NowpleaselookatCardD-3whichlistssomereasonsthatwomensometimesgiveforhavingsterilizingoperations.Whichreasonorreasonsdoyoubelieveareclosesttoyourown?’’Womencouldchoosealloftheapplicableresponsesfromthefollowinglist:+Youhadallthechildrenyouwanted+Yourhusbandorpartneratthetimedidnotwantanymorechildren+Financialreasons,thatis,youcouldnotaffordanotherbaby+Medicalreasons+Reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol+SomeotherreasonsforsterilizationThosementioning‘‘medicalreasons’’wereasked:‘‘PleaselookatCardD-4.Whichofthesemedicalreasonsdidyouhave?’’Theresponselist,againpermittingallapplicablereasonstobecoded,readasfollows:+Medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans+Pregnancywouldbedangeroustoyourhealth+Youwouldprobablyloseapregnancy+Youwouldprobablyhaveanunhealthychild+Someothermedicalreason(specify)Thosementioning‘‘reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol’’intheoriginalquestionwereasked:‘‘Wasyourmethodofbirthcontroldangeroustoyourhealthordidyounotlikeyourmethodofbirthcontrolforotherreasons?’’Womenreportingmorethanonereasonfortheirsterilizingoperationwereaskedtoidentifytheirmainreason.Reasonsforvasectomies Women wereonlyaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyifhercurrenthusbandorcohabitingpartnerhadhisvasectomyduringtheirrelationship.Thequestionsaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyweregenerallysimilartothoseaskedforfemalesterilizationoperations.Theexceptionwasthatintheresponselistformedicalreasons,‘‘medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans’’wasreplacedwith‘‘HEhadahealthproblemthatrequiredtheoperation.’’Regionofresidence(atinterview)—TheREGIONrecodeclassifiesregionofresidenceattimeofinterviewintothefourmajorcensusregions:Northeast,Midwest,South,andWest.ThesePage112[Series23 ,No. 19...

... physicians and their patients.Appendixes6. The Menopause, Hormone Therapy, and Women s Health Table l-l Women s Health Legislation Introducedin the 102d CongressTitle l-Research Women s Health ... hormonal and non-hormonal). Identifying appropriate strategies re-quires substantially improved knowledge of thenatural history and sequelae of the menopause, and of the role of exogenous and endogenous ... cancer.104 ● The Menopause, Hormone Therapy, and Women s Health For most women, the short-term use of hormoneshas known benefits (e.g., relief of hot flashes) and some known risks (e.g., endometrial...