... Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase by double-stranded RNA and encephalomyocarditis virus: involve-ment of RNase L, protein kinase R, and alternativepathways. ... and stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses [1–3].Among the kinases activated are mitogen-activatedprotein kinase, Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38,which phosphorylate AP-1 [4,5], IjB kinase ... converting l-arginine into l-ornithine and urea, a critical step in the polyamine biosynthesis path-way. Subcellular localization of the two isoforms dif-fers, with ArgI located in the cytoplasm and...